as of constantinople still beckons. stumbled into the pavan but if in the mists that one of these think any of the costantini of an m.l.a. meeting i mean when any man. is down you can only see the stumble to fit the did. you read. the tenth and eleventh century constantinople us describe the apple the ultimate prize that someday muslims will win and often the taking of constant no pulis presented almost apocalyptic terms of something that will bring on the final victory of islam. that final victory would fall to the ultimate it's a turkic most i'm trying to emigrated from central asia to settle in i'm told. they get these a month i have to shut lot of my demon of it the protestant on it. is that in a quarter to that yet it's been a little yeah then you stumble a little. april fourteenth fifty three minutes on me they'd siege to the great city. seven weeks later the altar months back from their way to constantinople. and as the victorious. entered the city through this gate. an eight hundred year old prophecy had come to

size of constantinople still beckoned. he stumbled into the pavement i found the miss that one measured fifty of these civilians that if one hundred costantini evelyn m.l.a. miriam and any measure. it is down you can only see the stumble to fit the did. you read arab geographers of the tenth and eleventh century constantinople is described as the apple the ultimate prize that someday muslims will win and often the taking of constant noble is presented almost apocalyptic terms as something that will bring on the final victory of islam. that final victory would fall to the ultimate ends the turkic most i'm trying to emigrate from central asia to settle in i'm told. they get these a lot of that with a shot lot of mud the money of it the protestant on them at the beginning it died in it stumble is that in a quarter to that yet. then you stumble a little. in april fourteenth fifty three minutes on me they'd siege to the great city. seven weeks later the ultimate is battle their way to constantinople. and as the victorious. ente

of constantinople still back and. stumbled into the pavan but if in the miss that one alicia fifty how these again you know that if the hundred of costantini of an m.l.a. meet him it'll have any message a sonic energy. to the sound you can not only to meddle guy you see you stumble of hit the did. you read jargon for years of the tenth and eleventh century constantinople has described as the apple the ultimate prize that some day muslims will win and often the taking of constant no pool is presented almost apocalyptic terms of something that will bring on the final victory of islam. that final victory would fall to the ultimate it's a turkic most i'm trying to emigrate from central asia to settle in i told. that. yet. fourteen fifty three. to the great city. seven weeks later the ottomans battled their way to constantinople. and as the victorious. entered the city through this gate. an eight hundred year old prophecy had come to pass. the importance was known to muslims and also for european christians suddenly one of

in the southern european ports of naples, trieste and constantinople they gathered to board ships toassage, leaving to seek work and return. others with hopes to find at the end of the journey the good, permanent life that awaited, they were told, 3,000 miles across the sea. in the rural areas of eastern europe they had an addition to poverty, other represents to look to america. the government was taking young boys to the army, in a mother's lifetime, she might not see him again. and always there was the police. the histor historic persecutor armenian, slovak and jew. >> what i feel now i see the peasant with the wagon and hay to take me away. the whole town was around my wagon. everyone came to say good-bye. i didn't know how to say good-bye. >> poland, russia, romania. >> making their way to the railheads saw passage to the sea. some had money for the journey and some did not. >> the turning back was seldom an alternative. >> i didn't pay no tickets, and get on the train and pray for luck. >> they were like a punch bunch pigs. you put them in the passenger car. that's the way they

that causes a pandemic has been found from skeletons in mass graves, from places far outside constantinople. from tiny villages in southern germany, that are nowhere near the center of power or trade. it tells us that if the plague had reached places like this, it must truly have reached almost everywhere. it helps us take the written record, which gives us a sense of what it was like, and be able to say, this struck in places that were totally dark in the historical record. to combine those together, to get a sense of what a catastrophe this event really was. we all know we live in a world where we are very concerned with the effects of climate change, and have a deep need to understand how the climate system is changing. which requires a sense of how it works. is certainly being altered by human activity, by pollution of greenhouse gases. the climate system also has a background level of variability and change. it was not sickly unchanging until human activity started, it was changing. important to so understand the natural background, or has been a huge effort over the last generation to

that cause the pandemic has been found from skeletons in mass graves , from places far outside constantinople, tiny villages in southern germany that are nowhere near the center of power or trade and that tell us that if the plague had reached places like this then it must have truly reached almost everywhere and it helps us take the written record, which gives us a sense of what it was like, where it struck and to be of to say this actually stricken places that are totally dark and to the mine those together to get a sense of what a catastrophe this was. well, we all know with-- we live in a world where we are concerned with the effects of climate change and have a deep need to understand how the climate system is changing which requires a sense of how works in the climate is certainly being altered by human activity, by the pollution greenhouse gases, but the system also has a brat ground level of variability and change. it wasn't simply unchanging until human activity started changing it and because it's become so important to understand that natural background there's been a huge effort o

the evidence we have is actually very biased toward large cities and particularly one city, , constantinople which was in the capital of rome. it was just lingering question how important was the played outside of the areas where we happened to have historical records? it's a very hard question to answer. now we are starting to be able to answer that question from the dna evidence. the dna of the bacteria that cause the pandemic has found from skeletons in mass graves, from places far outside constantinople from tiny villages in southern germany that are nowhere near the center of power or trade, and that tell us if the plague it reached places like this, then it must truly have reached almost everywhere. it helps us take the written record which gives us a sense of what it was like, where it struck, and to be able to say okay, this struck in places that are totally dark in the historical record, and to combine this together to get a sense of what a catastrophe of this event really was. well, we all know that we live in a world where we are very concerned with the effects of climate change a