court showdown yesterday the department of justice called on the supreme court to rule on the constitutionality of president obama's signature health reform law if notable care act making it extremely likely the high court will hear the case sometime around the summer of next year writes dab in the middle of the election season d.o.j. wants the court to reverse a decision made by a lower appeals court in atlanta that struck down the entire health reform law earlier this year citing that the individual mandate that provision that requires us all to buy health insurance was unconstitutional in a statement released yesterday the d.o.j. made it clear it was confident the court would strike down the right wing challenge against obamacare saying throughout history there have been similar challenges to other landmark legislation such as the social security act the civil rights act a voting rights act all of those challenges. according to the center for american progress of all nine supreme court justices remain consistent in their previous rule. then at least seven on the high court will favor the aff

this is the institution that was put by the mayor, putting something here constitutionalized.very department head is supposed to adhere to this. there is no mechanism for monitoring. there is no mechanism for enforcement. unless there is a mechanism that put this together. economic development. we need that to monitor them. i will give you a good example in 30 seconds. the report constitutionally says from washing cars to the american cup, but the mayor's office of economic development seems to be in charge of that. we have four different divisions that go unchecked. that they're going to look up for the interest, there has to be a second mechanism. supervisor avalos: thank you very much. next speaker. >> i am the nats and bolts guy. i want to tell you about the nuts and bolts. we'll have to make one phone call to hire somebody. if i can just call 10 guys, life would be good. another point i want to make is over here. then we could rehire him again. just one phone call, call the hall, and i am done. thank you very much. supervisor avalos: any other public comment, just come fo

>>> coming up, the constitutionality of the president's health care reform bill will be decided by the supreme court right in the middle of the presidential campaign next year. >>> and we tried to tell you last night that the president is not, repeat, not the anti-christ. we also tried to tell you the whole idea of the anti-christ is kind of crazy but not everybody is listening including the guy who called the president the anti-christ in los angeles last night. he's in the "rewrite." [ oswald ] there's a lot of discussion going on about the development of natural gas, whether it can be done safely and responsibly. at exxonmobil we know the answer is yes. when we design any well, the groundwater's protected by multiple layers of steel and cement. most wells are over a mile and a half deep so there's a tremendous amount of protective rock between the fracking operation and the groundwater. natural gas is critical to our future. at exxonmobil we recognize the challenges and how important it is to do this right. at exxonmobil we recognize the at aviva, we wonder why other life insurance c

the court to do and congress comes to the supreme court with a presumption of deference and constitutionality. they're issues as to the standing and as to the jurisdiction. if this were, in fact, a tax, i think, you may be right that there's a jurisdictional question, you know, the case of the administration on the tax issue is not aided by the fact that the man who signed the bill, you know, the president of the united states went on the speaking circuits saying it wasn't attacks and this is a definition of a tax and it is not a tax and at some point there's a question as to whether -- if you're dealing with user fees or burdens or impositions that could reasonably be called a tax whether you are not owed some level of deference. and taking him at his word, you know, the congress issue is actually very hard because you have the when i canner and the filburn case and you have the rage case and i have a lot of respect for jeff sutton and i think his analysis was a very honest attempt to grapple with a difficult question. i also have a lot of respect for frank holden of the 11th circuit who was

yes, they rip you off constitutionally. for 165 years, we have horse boarding in the county of san francisco. at its epicenter, it is ground zero where william hammond hall, the designer of golden gate park, built the stables. there were tragically closed september of 2001 by resolution from this board of supervisors stating that they would reopen it in the quickest, most efficient manner possible. here we are 10 years later and not one shovel of dirt has been lifted to bring those stables and the community of people that were as historic as any community in this city, like i said, 165 years. we had public horse boarding in the city. it brings me to the subject of sleeper politicians. we know what sleeper cells are, but what is a sleeper politician? it is someone who says or does anything to get into office. once they get to office -- he shoots the public in the back of the head, just like major nadal malick hassan did at fort hood. except we are dealing with politicians aren't legislation instead of bullets. it is the same

we operate under laws, and those laws are interpreted into the constitutionality and appropriatenessy the supreme court. so ultimately the supreme court is the final arbiter, and we must have confidence in the supreme court's decisions if we're going to have a sane and rational economy and society. justice thomas has raised some very, very serious questions about his ability to be impartial in this situation. you said it so very clearly, for four or five years, he noted that there was no income from his wife, when in fact she received some $many his,000 in income from the heritage foundation, an organization that's clearly opposed to the affordable care act, and many other things for that matter. and that various visits he's had and speaking opportunities and the like, raleigh calling into question his impartiality. so for me and for the other 19 members of congress, who are saying, wait, wait, wait, we have to have an impartial panel looking at one of the most important laws that's come down in many, many years, the affordable care act. is it constitutional? yes or no. only to be de

federal judge has just decided to unseal the video recordings of last year's landmark trial on the constitutionalityof california's same-sex marriage ban. the judge's decision came down this morning. it is reported the argument of those opposed to the ban saying there was no reason to recordings secret. supporters of california's same-sex marriage ban fought hard to keep the tapes from being released. the rule delayed to september 30th to give ♪ [ ukulele strumming ] ♪ [ folksy whistling ] [ man ] quitting is a fight you can't let yourself lose. it can take many tries. but keep trying, you will beat smoking. honey, you okay? yeah, i'm fine. ♪ [ ukulele ] >>> today, the garden of the future. it mixes metal and greenery in one of the word's most sophisticated cities. >> how much of a good night sleep is key to make children better learners? these stories at 4:00 and 5:00. >> thanks for join us. >> keep track of the latest breaking news at twitter. you can talk about it at facebook.com/abc7news. >> have a fab@

federal judge has just decided to unseal the video recordings of last year's landmark trial on the constitutionalityof california's same-sex marriage ban. the judge's decision came down this morning. it is reported the argument of those opposed to the ban saying there was no reason to recordings secret. supporters of california's same-sex marriage ban fought hard to keep the tapes from being released. the rule delayed to september 30th to give supporters time to appeal. >> we'll be f f1Ñ,Ñfú >>> today, the garden of the future. it mixes metal and greenery in one of the word's most sophisticated cities. >> how much of a good night sleep is key to make children better learners? these stories at 4:00 and 5:00. >> thanks for join us. >> keep track of the latest breaking news at twitter. you can talk about it at facebook.com/abc7news. >> have a fab news day, we'll see you tomorrow morning. so, you actually reward people for staying with you? yep. the longer you stay with us, the more you save. and when you switch from another company to us, we even reward you for the time you spent there. genius. yeah, g

to doubly constitutionally extra ban same-sex marriage that's already banned. voters will decide on this issue but more than two dozen other states have put gay marriage to a vote and they have voted to amend their constitution to ban gay maerng. when we vote on minority rights of many, if not all stripes in this country, we tend to vote no. they are not supposed to be up for a vote. inallenable, or as the declaration of independence it, unallenable. among them, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, even if your particular brand of happiness is same sexiness happiness. in mississippi a different right will be up for vote, to change the constitution as a person starting at the moment of fertilization. obviously, the intended effect of this legislation is about abortion. it's to take away women's right to have an abortion. again, when you vote on rights, anywhere in this country, generally you get reminded of why there is a need to call some things rights to protect those rights from a vote. particularly in mississippi, when you poll mississippiens on socia

they are constitutionally afforded right with mm cannabis, but e want to do it with a restriction that allows them to go to the left. >> colorful characters and products. >> this is the black magic odor barrier bag for your delicate content. >> only sing not allowed for sale, pot itself. >> there are other products we can sell, the others i take orders for. >> the only people allowed to smoke are people. >> it does help. for a test or something. >> does pot make you paranoid? >> not at all. it fixes every problem for me. >> it allows my muscles to relax and have wellness and a fulfilled life. >> the fair runs through sunday, tickets are $20 at gate. in oakland, cbs 5. >>> getting that summer tan right through winter might be harder for some california teenagers. the governor has a bill on his desk that would ban the use of tanning beds. teens 15 to 17 can use a tanning bed, but only with their parent's medication. california could be the first state to set the age at 18. not a lot of sun along the coast and we are blaming jim bernard. >> for the increase in tanning beds? not much sun o

he argued 15 supreme court cases including his successful defense of the constitutionality of the voting rights act. prior to serving there, he was a professor at georgetown university law center where he directed the center on national security and the law and he was one of the august profs to have -- youngest professors received tenure in university's history. please join me in welcoming neil. [applause] >> it is a real delight to be here and to talk about what might be a fantastic supreme court term with a fantastic panel of advocates and scholars. i don't want to waste too much time with introductions, because there are a lot of us on the panel and time is limited. let me just briefly introduce the panel in the order in which they will speak. we will first hear from walter dellinger, a former acting solicitor general. he will be discussing the global positioning satellite case that was just mentioned a moment ago. we will next here from neil kinkoff, who will discuss the case about jerusalem and presidential powers, as well as the arizona immigration case. he is a professor at georgi

. >>> coming up, how the constitutionality of the health care reform bill will dominate the presidential campaign next year. >>> and later, what "the huffington post" reports as the supe the middle of the presidential campaign next year. that is the likely result of today's decision by the justice department to skip a step in the federal fight over the president's affordable care act. the obama justice department has asked the supreme court to bypass a possible delaying stage of the appeals process and hear the cases challenging the health care reform law as soon as possible. in august, a federal court of appeals in georgia ruled that the individual mandate in the law is unconstitutional. there are several other cases working their way through the federal courts, but this is the one, the obama justice department has decided to push to a supreme court argument likely with a decision to be written in the spring of 2012, probably around june. just when the republican attacks on what they call obama care will be reaching a fever pitch. joining me now is "washington post" columnist and msnbc

if we are making a change under the same subject matter, to make our system as constitutionally tight as possible, would that fall under a change we can make your at the board without going back to ethics? >> i do not have the exact text, but i understand it has to start at the ethics commission. perhaps you could make a suggestion to the ethics commission and then it comes back to you. >> if you're going to make changes, it has got to be adopted by a super majorities of both committees. it does have to go back to ethics. the way the wording is, ethics is suppose to acts -- act first, but there is nothing to keep both bodies from acting simultaneously. the only thing that would have to happen in ethics, is a final vote by ethics before it goes to the board. president chiu: when is the next meeting of your commission? >> october 19, which is a special day because our normal day is -- supervisor avalos: any way to have a special meeting? >> i would work to pull a special meeting together if it were necessary. i am sure the ethics commissioners would be as cooperative as possible. just a

the obama administration has defended the constitutionality of that law. there is still opposition to gay marriage. >> among those u.s. service members who were fully reinstated today is an air force lieutenant. he was suspended from his piloting duties after being outed and spent years and disputing his discharge. he joins me to talk about what the repeal means to him. >> thank you very much for joining us. what does this mean to you personally? did you feel this day would ever happen? >> i did not. i have been going through my personal ordeal for more than three years. after they made the final decision and recommended before discharge, i thought that i would do whatever i could. hopefully, i will have an impact on public opinion. i never imagined that this day would come. >> how do you think that the repeal of do not ask, do not tell will be received. the soldiers on the front lines. i have spoken to some that say that they really have reservations about it? >> i think they have reservations until they know someone. it will not be the agenda. it will be

the obama administration has stopped defending the constitutionality of that law. there is still considerable opposition to a marriage in congress. bbc news, washington. >> reporting on a landmark in u.s. history. before we go, we wanted to show you one remarkable story of survival in argentina. look at these pictures, filmed on board a train coming in to win a series. as you can see, a cart jumps a functioning safety barrier. the driver walks away from the incident unharmed. you can actually see it again there. those pictures are quite remarkable. police later arrested the driver. just to recap some of the top stories, the former president of afghanistan, burhanuddin rabbani, has been killed by a bomb blast in kabul, targeted inside his home by a suicide attacker who concealed a bomb in his turban. rabbani was meeting with two members of the taliban at the time of the attack. five other people also died. that brings today show to a close. you can find constant updates on our website. we will be reporting from the un for the rest of the week. for now, i and j o'bri

it is asking the justices to uphold the constitution -- constitutionality of the law. the word from justice officials is the administration wants an up or down ruling before the 2012 presidential election. the law extends coverage to 30 million americans. >>> despite recent headlines about the demise of cylindra, they are still the shining star. westinghouse celebrated their 10th anniversary in san jose. leslie brinkly was there to get a take on the future. >> these environmentalists are focusing on solar. he is a consult at the present time at the board of directors. >> this is the 21st century. we have to be all of the other nations that are stealing our industry from us. the chinese are subsidizing. >> as for the u.s. -- >> they are bwarfed. -- dwarfed. they are in the trillions of dollars. >> the reality is not all solar companies are going to make it. they have to evolve or they will die like cylindra. >> i understand that it is terrible that we will lose 1100 jobs. but the cost is because panels are so cheap. >> even westinghouse admits to making panels in china.

it is asking the justices to uphold the constitution -- constitutionality of the law. the word from justice officials is the administration wants an up or down ruling before the 2012 presidential election. the law extends coverage to 30 million americans. >>> despite recent headlines about the demise of cylindra, they are still the shining star. westinghouse celebrated their 10th anniversary in san jose. leslie brinkly was there to get a take on the future. >> these environmentalists are focusing on solar. he is a consult at the present time at the board of directors. >> this is the 21st century. we have to be all of the other nations that are stealing our industry from us. the chinese are subsidizing. >> as for the u.s. -- >> they are bwarfed. -- dwarfed. they are in the trillions of dollars. >> the reality is not all solar companies are going to make it. they have to evolve or they will die like cylindra. >> i understand that it is terrible that we will lose 1100 jobs. but the cost is because panels are so cheap. >> even westinghouse admits to making panels in china.

san francisco federal judge has decided to unseal video recordings of last year's trial on the constitutionity of proposition 8 which is california's ban on gay marriage. the judge ruled there is no reason to keep the recording secret. relig us a and conservative groups were against the release. they claim witnesses would be identified and targeted by prop 8 opponents. the tapes will become public at the end of the month unless the higher court over rowels today's decision. >>> tomorrow san jose city council will discuss the increasing problem of graffiti around the city. a new survey shows the number of tags is up 38% in the last year. that brings the total to more than 44,000 which is the highest level since san jose started keeping track of tagging 13 years ago. the increase does not appear to be gang related and some city leaders speculate high school students are to blame. >>> a conference in oakland is under way now and it is focusing on preventing gang violence. the meeting is especially timely for the city of san jose which has seen funding for its gang prevention task force nearly cut

>> reporter: what's at stake in this hear something who has the right to defend the constitutionality of the proposition? the state attorney general only or anyone else? now, proposition 8 bans same- sex marriage in california and that's what was at issue in this hearing here today. but last summer, a u.s. district judge ruled that proposition 8 was unconstitutional. now, normally, it is up to the state attorney general to defend the constitution ailty of a law when it is called into question. but then jerry brown and kamala harris have both declined to defend proposition 89 on appeal. so supporters of -- 8 on appeal. so supporters of proposition 8 have decided to challenge judge walker's ruling. so today, they set the day to hear arguments about whether the on opponents have the right to do that. attorneys for both sides made their case before seven justices this moving. the court's chief justice talked about the issue at hand. >> the government officials have dropped out of the equation. so what we have are is whether or not official proponents can assert the authority of the state

. >> we want to respect people's rights to use their constitutionally-afforded right to medicate with medical cannabis, but we want to do so that it lous to go to the left. >> reporter: in the blocked off streets surrounding city hall, color hurricane charley characters and products. >> this is the black magic odor bag for your delicate contents. >> reporter: the only thick not allowed for sale was pot itself. >> absolutely, because we have a lot of other products that we're allowed to sell. the only thing we can't sell is the seeds. seeds we're taking orders for and will fill later. >> reporter: the only people allowed to smoke in designated areas is people with bona fide certificates. >> what is it for? >> anxiety. it does help, for a test or something. >> reporter: didn't pot make you paranoid? >> not at all. it fixes every problem for me. >> it allows my muscles to relax and have wellness and fulfilled life. >> reporter: the fair runs through sunday and tickets are $20 at the gate. in oakland, anne makovec, cbs 5. >>> a need for caution as 9-11 anniversary nears and the warning co

the census is constitutionally mandated. it is to get a picture of who our country is, who makes up our country, and that makes everyone. i think the recent proposed amendment in the senate -- which i have to say, and i want to say, it was soundly defeated -- the status requirement was just a way to intimidate. we should not be calling for it. i do not believe in a boycott on the census. the census count determines how many congressional representatives there are. it is used to figure out funding for counties. sometimes it is our own immigrant communities who really need those resources but are in a weak position to negotiate. i cannot emphasize how important it is to understand that your information given to the census is confidential and there are extra safe marks for the information. there is also big penalties for anyone who inappropriately to full does the information. it is never meant to be handed over to the immigration service. absolutely, the commission should encourage everyone to participate. can you imagine if w

. >> we want to respect people's right to use their constitutionally afforded right to medicate with medical cannabis. but we want to do so in a time, place, manner, restriction that allows them to go off to the left. >> reporter: in the blocked off streets surrounding city hall, colorful characters and products. >> this is black magic odor barrier bag, and it is for your delicate contents. >> reporter: the only thing not allowed for sale, pot itself. >> absolutely. because we have a lot of other products that we're allowed to sell. the only thing i can't sell is the seed. the seeds we're taking orders for and fill those orders later. >> reporter: and the only people allowed to smoke in the designated area, people with bona fide doctor's recommendation. >> what is your prescription for? >> anxiety. actually, yeah. and it does help. definitely. for a test or something. >> reporter: doesn't pot make you paranoid? >> not at all. it fixes every problem for me. >> reporter: it allows my muscles to relax and it allows me to have wellness and a fulfilled life. >> the fair runs through sunda

. >>> april judge in san francisco -- a judge in san francisco refused to decide the constitutionality of the don't ask don't tell saying the issue has been resolved and sexual orientation does not matter when enlisted. >>> former defense secretary donald rumsfeld talks about military life and promoting his brand-new book. he spoke to the reserve officers association at george wash university tonight about his transition from the military to -- george washington university tonight about his transition from the military to pun life. >>> the military's -- public high. >>> the military's brac movement leaving some scrambling to stay a float. >>> here's april look at some of the other stories in our rundown. -- a look at some of the other stories in our rundown. not news edge at 11:00 is coming right back. >> this is fox 5 news edge at 11:00.  >>> more headaches from the military's base realignment plan. fox 5 money reporter melanie alnwick has more. >> reporter: lunchtime apt toledo pizza on georgia -- at toledo pizza on georgia avenue still busy but lighter. kell

and balances the free speech right of every citizen both pro- life and pro-choice, with the constitutionality protected reproductive rights of women. i just want to make sure that we are clear that this is a piece of legislation that will not tread on anybody's first amendment rights. it is not in favor of pro-life or pro-choice. it is simply to protect the consumer. the rest i said net. -- the rest i submit to. supervisor kim: i think is really important to protect the choices of our women and this will move our city toward that. i am proud to co-sponsor this ordinance. two things today -- as many of you already know, august 8th is recognized as burma day. august 8th, a marked anniversary of the bloody uprising when students were shot down by the military regime by peacefully demonstrating. the burmese democratic alliance has been actively advocating for democracy in human-rights for the last 10 years. i would like to run relies lost in the democratic struggle in burma to -- and to share a solidarity with political activists to continue to support the cause despite political repression. ther

department is urging the high court to take up the case filed by 26 states that challenges the constitutionalityf the health reform law signed by president obama in 2010. the white house says it's confident the court will rule in its favor. >> we firmly believe that as has been upheld by a number of different decisions, that ultimately this -- the affordable care act will be found constitutional because it is. >> the next supreme court term begins monday. timing is key here. orally, experts thought the court 0 would not make a decision on this case until 2013. if the court agrees to to hear the case in this term, a decision would come in june, right in the middle of the 2012 presidential race. >>> tv shows may find a new path to your living room. scott mcgrew has that and the rest of the morning's tech and silicon valley business headlines. >> word this morning that microsoft signed a deal with comcast and verizon to bring new streaming content to the xbox. there are millions of xboxes in american homes, and most are connected to the internet. xbox already streams some movies but a rumored deal

. >> we want to respect people's right to use their constitutionally afforded right to medicate with medical cannabis but we want to do so in a time, place, manner, restriction that allows them to go off to an area. >> reporter: in the blocked off streets surrounding city hall, colorful characters and products. >> this is black magic bag for your delicate contents. >> reporter: the only thing not allowed for sale is pot itself. >> absolutely. there are a lot of other products that we're allowed to sell and the only thing i can't sell are the seed and the seed we are taking orders for and fill the orders later. >> reporter: the only people allowed to smoke in the designated area is bona fide are doctor's prescriptions. >> what is your prescription? >> anxiety. >> it does help for a test or something. >> doesn't pot make you paranoid? >> not at all. it fixes every problem for me. >> it allows my muscles to relax and allow me to have wellness and a fulfilled life. >> the fair runs through sunday. tickets are $20 at the gate. in oakland, anne makovec, cbs 5. >>> libyan leader muomar ghad

a federal appeals court dismissioned a lawsuit by the state of virginia over the constitutionality ofecond state to uphold that law. the law includes a provision that requires most people to purchase insurance, and that certainly will make it's way to the supreme court. >>> what about rick perry and the other candidates prove during last night's debate. can they, could they beat president obama? we're talking jobs in 90 seconds. stay with us. >>> 35 minutes past the hour now. every day about this time the show is going to be tackling political issue that you have talking but often get tangled up in partisan rhetoric. everybody is fair game. today we put two topics on the table. first, president obama's job speech tonight and the republican presidential debate from last night. this is the first time wreck pa -- rick perry took part. and they all took jabs at the issues and the president and at each other at times. he will prepare to address congress and it's called the american jobs act. critics are on the attack on the initiative that could top $4 billion. to help break all of this do

had more union states command in might have been able to abolish slavery constitutionally with a constitutional amendment. more states to more legislatures. okay. it might have been a lot different, i argue. >> along with kennedy, chairman, mckinley, taylor, all ranked above kulich. one other gentlemen, here with the pin on the front of your book. >> that was the publishers idea. >> u.s. grand. >> well, let's talk about him. here is a gentleman who had a larger spin around and abraham lincoln. the american people adored him. historians did not. two elections after the civil war. let us have peace. on the other hand let us have peace, but the cost of the war was slavery. no question. the southerners said it was slavery. they wanted to extend. the north knew that it is slavery. even the young mr. lincoln knew that slave labor in illinois would drive down the price of free labor. you name it. economic tomorrow. crane had the idea that this could be a war of attrition. he coined the phrase total war. ticket to the population. we're going to destroy the enemy's capacity. so when king got the idea th

. >> last year's trial destroyed the constitutionality of proposition 8.want recordings' public at the end of the month. they say they want an appeals court to review the judge's decision. the judge says the public has a right to access those videos just like any of the court record even though the judge presided at the trial said they were not for his own personal use. >> car owners will have to pay late in the and the renewal fees might be eligible for a refund. back in june more than 1 million readable notices are delayed while the legislature wrangled over the state budget. now, the dmv says because some car owners did not receive adequate notification, the indian people consider refund requests on the case by case basis. >> pleasanton police an alcoholic and beverage control had a sting operation using teenage trying to buy liquor. it resulted in six citations. we are at one crestar that was ticketed and what is being done to fix the problem. >> alberto is cantina has been in business for 20 years. a popular business on main street. decoy's went to th

manuals the constitutionally protected religious faith of millions of americans is now somehow an indicatorof violence islam equals terrorism just like wars peace freedom and slavery and ignorance strength. familiar words if you know where they came from now the main author of these briefings apparently a guy by the name of william gahl thorpe was an f.b.i. intell analyst who once told the birth or champions of world nut daily that quote muhammad mohammed's mindset is a source of terrorism mohammad as in the prophet muhammad so by that logic it's not terrorism they're brought down the twin towers the world trade center and the islamic mindset and if the enemy of the so-called war on terror is islam a lot come to the modern day religious crusade now reporting outlines how racism against muslim americans is actually being taught at the highest highest levels of our government paid for by our tax dollars but it does also bring to light a more disturbing point for trade by portraying observant americans as terrorists and in a way to be i is playing right into the hands of real terrorists portra

constitutionally in permissive lineup that was presented to the witnesses were what we call in the in the legal realm of frame up right all of these things mean that we cannot execute troy davis. well and there are. a lot of the aspects of this case are very similar in wrongful convictions in miscarriages of justice no physical evidence witnesses that recanted witnesses that were coerced i mean those are through lines and a lot of these cases i actually used to work on them with an innocence project so these are all sounds familiar my question to you is troy davis went through his four schedule of executions he went through all of the checks and balances of the criminal justice system he had appeals he exhausted the appeal process appeals process is yet there are still doubts so is this a problem with the criminal justice system just in general. again i say my experience has been in my research has shown me that there is an inherent problem with the criminal justice system even when you go through the appeals an appeal to the supreme court you come back with. us corpus and motions and