in the continental army, navy, and states militia. not for another 89 years was slavery in the united states -- [ inaudible ] approximately 500,000 lived in the colonies. the regiments prior to the war and roughly 5,000 american soldiers and sailors, free. it was approximately some 2.1 million. free blacks comprised 3% of the population. black soldiers motivation for joining the continental army and their treatment are important to any discussion of the military experience. the reasons for joining alarming . some perhaps many joined for the ad veblt you are of many service, serving alongside family and friends. others were pat least partly enticed by the bounty or regular pay. if the ideas espoused in the declaration of independence. some fought for loved ones. if they were in the militia roles, they faced being drafted for a short term stint in the continental regiment. whites were occasionally enlisted. many in new england were promised freedom in return. most of those promises were honored but some veterans were kept in honor. the

first continental bosses are basically labors for the guns. he continued. he served for two years under captain michael rudolph of maryland in the light company late infantry commanded by colonel harry lee who was henry lee father of robert e lee. command was composed of infantry and calvary calvary and known as lee's lesion. he was in three general actions at monmouth guilford courthouse. in utah springs at utah springs. he received three wounds. he was wounded in the shoulder slightly lost the thumb of his left hand. it was by bayoneted in the belly. he was just charged on combee river honorably. doesn't south carolina. the day before his discharge. he was in the battle and was charles john lawrence who was commanded who commanded in the absence of colonel lee was killed 27 august 1782. pebbles 2 though free man had to deal with the issue of slavery post war in his pension he testified for occupation. i'm a miller from the infirmities of old age increased by the wounds received in the revolutionary war. i'm not able to render much service to my employer.

continental congress, giving intelligence and giving supplies. giving shelter to british forces, refusing to pay their taxes, or to submit to continental congress's demands for goods or men. or active loyalism. in that case we are talking about men taking up arms and fighting on behalf of the crown. a substantial number of people. so, i guess the question really becomes why? where are these people coming from? why do they make the choices they make? and in general, we can kind of break these motivations down. some of these motivations do overlap substantially. but there are a few core principles at work. the first and the biggest is political conservatism. it's important for us to remember now, we're talking in hindsight, hindsight being 20/20. at the start of the american revolution british subjects are really kind of the freest and the least taxed, greatest political rights of any people in the western world. most british subjects could point across the english channel and say, look at france. look at spain. look further on the continent to the

the son of maryland, continental congress john hansen. one of the first of congress. and upton sheridan. a local judge and state senator. author of these men are known for being very, very, very committed to the continental congress, to the american cause. and for having extremely harsh stances against any suspected loyalist. there's really no semblance that these men are being tried by an impartial court. the deck is stacked against them and it's not going to take long for them to reach a conclusion in this trial. christian or north, the continental officer who had overheard all of this to begin with is going to basically be the star witness. he's going to testify against these men and within a matter of a few days the trial is over and all seven men are going to be found guilty. and the sentence, you shall be carried to the jail and hand there in. you shall be cut down to the earth alive. your and trails shall be taken out and burnt while you are yet alive. your head shall be cut off. your body shall be divided into four parts and your heads and quarters shall be pl

some of them go back to the continental army, which is crazy. we do not even think about that today. we think, you are either british. or you are a patriot or a whig. the complexities of the situation highlight the civil war aspect. this is a civil war in many respects. if you do not know this i am putting you on the spot so that is ok. how many of these loyalists do you think when the war was over and the united states was created, how many do you think actually leave and go to canada or go someplace else, just totally leave, refused to stay here and they just leave? travis: as far as the men involved in these two episodes? host: that or just in general. travis: in general kind of the numbers that scholars today give to the number of loyalists who actually leave the new united states is somewhere in the number of 80,000. so, it's a pretty substantial number of people, most will go to canada. some will go to the west indies. very few return to britain because these people are not really british. in many cases these families had been here for gen

some of them go back into the continental army, which is crazy. we don't even think about that today. you're either a patriot or a whig or a loyalist. the complexity just highlights the civil war aspect, this is basically a civil war in many respects. i'm putting you on the spot here. how many of these loyalists do you think when the war was over and the united states was created, how many of them do you think actually leave and go to canada or go someplace else and just refuse to stay here and just leave? what do you think? >> as far as the men involved in these two episodes? >> that or in general. in general. it's hard to answer but in general. >> in general, kind of the numbers that scholars today give to the number of loyalists who leave the new united states is somewhere in the number of about 80,000. it's a pretty substantial number of people. most will go to canada, some will go to the west indies. very few return to britain. in many cases, these families had been here for generations, over a century. america is home to them. about 80,000 t

while the continental army is shouldering plenty. i'm not saying they weren't it was a combination of local efforts with the militia and determine civilians that would ultimately turn the tide of the war when the british finally looked to the southern colonies or when the british did look to the southern colonies, especially in the second half of the war and this is where you've got kings mountain in cowpens. um, those are ones a phil mentioned in my introduction. i used to work at those sites the battle of kings mountain was thomas jefferson called it the turning point of the american revolution where you have predominantly malicious who are battling it out on on kings mountain and ultimately the the patriots succeed and then at the battle at cow pins. you've got a daniel morgan taking advantage of a misconception another misconception thrown in there of a misconception by the british that the militia were untrained, um and cowardly and would you know turn tail and run at any time when the battle would get too intense, and this is a

you've get the continental congress meeting in philadelphia. all of these things are happening in the first half of the war for the most part. so it is really easy to highlight those big things that happened first early on when you're teaching. but then teachers run out of time because they're overworked and underpaid and they're all trying to basically get their students to pass standardized tests. so there's a lot of glazing over that happens. this is a very generalized statement. it is not meant to be solid fact. it is just from what i was gathering from studying state curriculums and looking at actual classroom curriculum practices to see that it kind of hit, yeah, started the war. some of the politics leading up to the war. started the war. and then things happened and then you get on yorktown and you have to move. on you have to hit the highlights. so a lot of focus on standardized testing. do i even need to go further when i say hamilton and the patriot? okay, i'll go further. the play hamilton and the movie, the patriot, even though the

the continental army is really the only genuinely continental institutions that exist because continental congress, confederation congress is very local is basically. so washington is the embodiment of america. he is franklin's snake. >> there's another virginian, another veteran who you also link to washington and to hamilton who outlives both of them by not only outlives them, but stays in office many years after they are gone, and that's john marshall. what is his role in this conversation? >> so you mention to the audience that we are friends, and when things i'm most proud of, i'm proud of my work as an author and him also proud of my work as an use. i try to inspire other authors. my favorite authors. i try to learn from my favorite authors. you you and i both respect jerry wilson was interested in images. i do that with cartoons. but i encouraged you only on to write a book about lincoln. the are only 18,000 books written but i said we need another one by you. lincoln's relationship to the founding, and i love that book. i even helps you i think with the title, founders. >> you did

north would not recognize that he was willing to let a continental congress remain. he was going to give the americans greater autonomy and on and on that the first continental congress had asked for, so certainly even right up to the pinnacle of power in england, there were people who were willing to accept and negotiate the settlement. >> thank you. your answers have been thoughtful. the book is extensively researched. it's absolutely enlightening. and i do encourage the audience to pick it up and read it because it has a different perspective and a look at the >> c-span shop is c-span's online store. there's a collection of products. browse to see what's new. your purchase will sport our nonprofit operations, and you still hav

of all of black black virginia continentals found, he had the most varied career. he didn't recall the year he enlisted. according to his military records, it was september 15, 1777. he testified that he joined the camp at valley forge. at trenton, he served one year in the artillery under captain william miller. he continued. he served for two years under captain rudolph. the command was infantry and calvary. he was in three general actions. at utah springs, he received three wounds, the shoulder, the thumb and bayonetted in the belly. he was discharged honorably. that's in south carolina. the day before he was discharged, he was in a battle in which general lawrence was killed, 27 august 1782. he had to deal with slavery post-war. he testified, by occupation, i'm a miller. from old age, increased by the wounds received in the revolutionary war, i'm not able to render service to my employer. my wife and i child who live at the mill are slaves. my wife is rachel and my child is ursula. several other virginia veterans told of enslaved family members when they applie

no one in the continental army died in the battle. they suffered zero deaths, there was four or five men wounded, so you can see on the right side, that is lieutenant james monroe, who is got in the shoulder, he merely died, and the artery clamp was saved, but no one was actually killed. two men, we believe, was frozen to death, on march. so, if you counted those, it would say a couple people died in the campaign, on the way there. now, the hessians looters about 20 men out, 80 or wounded, and like i said, 900 were captured. so, huge disparity, huge victory for the american cause. now, what happened to the hessians? they were paraded to philadelphia, and then up in prison, or work camps, but they nearly all go back to europe after the war. we think of expeditionary forces, the united states sends to other places, and the majority of the men that you send overseas, will come back except those who were killed, and what about the hessians? are they eager to head home to germany, or do you think some state over here? most of you got this

they talk about, you know, barefoot continentals. know, not being able -- you know, lacking proper footwear and all sorts of things but is this a myth? is this something that was made up to make the continentals look more brave than perhaps they actually were? or do you think this is a fact they were actually lacking shoes? you can see this image of a monument up there at princeton showing one of the continentals lacking shoes. all right. so we got about 65% of you say they did and 35% of you say they did not. this is a fact. washington's men were terribly undersupplied. and you see it throughout journals, diaries, and all sorts of things of just how many guys were lacking shoes. one of washington's aides actually writes that he could follow the -- the path of the continental army, from blood in the snow. from the men who lacked shoes. just shows you, like -- and, you know, when i was up, you know, researching this book up in that area in the winter. you know, anytime -- or anytime it snows, if you take your shoes off and walk around

the first continental congress had w asked for. so certainly right up to the power pentacle power in england there were people who were willing to accept a negotiated settled. >> pljohn, thank you your answes are thoughtful in the book is extensively researched. [inaudible]. >> i really do it encourage her audience to begin up and read it because a completely different perspective and refreshing look at the american revolution. thank you for spinning your evening with us and through the pandemic, hopefully we will see you inn person. [inaudible]. >> i think you once again for having me. ♪ ♪♪ ♪ ♪♪ ♪ ♪♪ >> book tv continues now on

many and i -- there was nobody on the continental nobody in the continental army died in the battle ofnton. covered for to five. it was james ron row who was opportunity the bey will --. if you want to count those you can say a couple of guys died in the campaign on the way that. the hessians lose 20 men outsight and 880 are wounded and like i said over 900 are captured sews a huge disparity and a huging rightry. who happens to these. did nearly all the hessians go back to woerp -- you -- we think of expeditionary forces, you know, that the united states sends other places, the. but what about the he isians were they'lly. once you gets -- are grrk. most of them are going to return and about 60% of them go back but a large percentage of them are tomorrow nrnlg it. many like it other and will melt here. a lot of people have hessian an tloiflts. one. hessians had nrngs. okay. we're getting chose to the end here. can washing top right up and come been po yours and survivor unskrurd? rr glurm. fans in washington, d.c. and washington y2k -- can washington actually line up that ghourmts nrmgt

congress remain giving americans greater autonomy at the first continental congress had asked for.ght up to the pinnacle of power for those who were willing to accept ar, negotiated settlement. >> your answers are thoughtful and well research. >> they have a completely different perspective so thank you for spending your evening with the historical society. hopefully we will see you in person. >> i look forward to that. booktv.org. .. >> i'm the executive director the washington mount vernon and i'm coming to you from that library for an exciting full evening book talk with patrick one

figures of the american as well as a few battles fought and connecticut farmers the start of the continental we always want to learn more. john ferling is at the university of west georgia where he had a long career teaching course and revolution, america's founders and use military history. his written 13 books and articles of the policies tactics of the american revolution at an early republic. his biographer of george washington and john adams. i can do books and words of tell you more about john ferling the man. he's from west virginia, he grew up in galveston, texas. and according to his biography has other was college-educated it in 1920 impossible for 11 years until she was banned by west virginia law. his father also college on a baseball scholarship in the 1920s the depression and it is academics. he took a job with the texas and had one son john in 1940. john has a bachelors in history and a masters in history from another university. although he retired it has not stopped him from attending and speaking at seminars. in these kind of events and lecturing on podcasts and sing for wr

they talk about, you know, barefoot continentals. you know, not being able to -- you know, lacking proper footwear and all sorts of things. is this a myth? is this something that was made up to make the continentals look more brave than perhaps they weren't were, or do you think this was actually a fact, that they were lacking shoes and an important thing? you can see this image of a monument up there at princeton showing one of the continentals lacking shoes. all right. so we got about 65% of you say they did. 35% of you say they did not. this is a fact. washington's men were terribly under undersupplied. you see it throughout journals, diaries, and all sorts of things, of just how many guys were lacking shoes. one of washington's aides writes that he could follow the contin. any time it snows, you can take your shoes off, walk around a little in snow, i mean, it boggles my mind to understand how these guys went through this and, really, also what drove them to do this, you know? it really was a belief in, you know, whatever their m

fought and many farmers who fled the continental army, we always want to learn more. john furling is professor emeritus at the university of west georgia where he joined a career teaching courses on the revolution, america's founders and u.s. military history. he's written 13 books and articles on the politics of tactics of the american revolution in the early i prefer to tell you about johnment although his parents were from west virginia, his mother educated in the 1920's and taught schools until we as banned by law from marrying. and his father had a baseball scholarship, but the depression ended his academics. he took a job in texas and had one son in 1940. and he has a master in history from baylor university. although retired it hasn't stopped him from speaking and podcasts and writing his figurest passion. he and his wife live near atlanta. one more things john likes to share. the love of baseball. the first game he saw 1947 between pittsburgh and the dodgers when jackie robinson scored the winning run. he was hooked. and he timed things to see the red sox. for

north would not recognize independence, but he was willing to let a continental congress remain. he was going to give the americans greater autonomy, and on and on and on, that the first continental congress had asked for. so certainly even write up to the pinnacle power in england there were people who were willing to accept a negotiated settlement. >> john, thank you. your answers have been thoughtful. your writing is thoughtful. the the book is extensively researched. it's absolutely enlightening, and i really do encourage our audience to pick it up and read because it has a completely different perspective and refreshing look at the american revolution, so thank you for spending evening with us, and we look forward to hopefully hosting a person. >> okay. i look for to do that as well. i thank you once again for having me. >> tonight on booktv on c-span2 we look at policing starting at 8 p.m. eastern. >> tv on c-span2 tonight starting at 8 p.m. eastern. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> good evening. i'm kevin butterfield, executive director of the washington library at george washington's mount v

continental money. ha. >> not worth a continental, i suppose. >> no, indeed, they aren't, sir.e evils burden us much longer my trade won't be worth a continental either. >> tariffs and worthless paper money were only two of the evils plaguing the nation. 3,000 miles away in london an american representative was facing another evil. >> next question, lord sheffield. i have the note of my government respecting regulations of our dpoftd excluding american shipping from certain british ports. >> ah, yes, mr. adams. my government has studied the note with great attention. our great attention, i assure you. but we do not choose to reply at this time. >> permit me to say again, your excellentsy, that these regulations have virtually closed british markets to american produce and shipping. this has brought from hardship on our people. >> mr. adams, when your government, as you call it, shows it is capable of honoring the term of the treaty of paris, then we shall be disposed to discuss this matter. >> your excellentsy, let me assure you again that my government, the congress, is doing

he is the embodiment of the marking unit in the continental army is really the only generally continental the confederation congress is very local basically graded so washington is the embodiment of the american and he is franklin's snake. richard: there's another virginian, veteran who you also linknk to washington and to hamilton and outlives both of them. and he also stays in office. that is john marshall. if what is his role in this conversation. akhil: one of the things that are most proud of work as an author but i am also proud of my work is news. i tried to inspire other authors, my favorite authors. and try to learn from my favorite authors of both you and i really respect interesting images for example point is we do that with cartoon. but encourage do you really want to read a book about lincoln pretty only 18000o looking you have another one lincoln's relationship to the founding i think i even up to with the title. richard: it identified it. akhil: and then told you to write about john marshall and you did a pretty you didn't use my time of the party my title for that one was

i continental format or could it returned?— continental format or could it returned?any more. i returned? i would not support it any more- i think _ returned? i would not support it any more. i think it— returned? i would not support it any more. i think it is— returned? i would not support it any more. i think it is too _ returned? i would not support it any more. i think it is too challenging. l more. i think it is too challenging. in a way, — more. i think it is too challenging. in a way, i— more. i think it is too challenging. in a way, i don't think it's correct in a way, idon't think it's correct that— in a way, i don't think it's correct that some — in a way, i don't think it's correct that some people have to travel more than 10,000 km and the others of a thousand~ _ than 10,000 km and the others of a thousand. they had to be in rome the next day— thousand. they had to be in rome the next day or— thousand. they had to be in rome the next day or in — thousand. they had to be in rome the next day or in the next couple of days, _ next day or in the next couple of

the first continental congress had askedo for. right up to thehe pentacle power there were people who were willing to accept a negotiated settlementhe. >> your answers have been thoughtful your waiting is thoughtful the book has been extensively researched. [inaudible] >> actually inviting. i really do encourage your audience to pick up and read it. that does have a completely different perspective at the american revolution pre-thank you for spending your evening with both of a and i from historical society. i look for to seeing a person. >> i look for to that as well pretty thinking once again for having me. >> tonight on book tv, on cspan2 we look at policing starting at 8:00 p.m. eastern conversation with former newark city police commissioner bill bratton. the author of the book american on fire the untold history of police violence and black rebellion since 1960s. a conversation with rosa brooks, a law professor who became a police officer in her 40s. book tv on cspan2 starting at 8:00 p.m. eastern. ♪ ♪ >> secret service was

and was later signed by 56 of the delegates to the second continental congress including several who had not been present for the actual vote. and at least one delegate who had voted against the resolution for independence. now this is all interesting stuff. this is solid cocktail party trivia. i'm giving you so far but to borrow a word from the declaration itself that we use to describe the declaration all of what i've said so far is just my preamble. my talk tonight is not actually about this matlack parchment instead. it's about all the other declarations of independence that the prominence of this lovely keepsake has obscured. over the past two and a half centuries. so i'm thinking here of jefferson's own drafts. we have seven copies. in his handwriting and of the final version approved by congress on july 4th. the one that was disseminated in print across america. and across the world. i'm also thinking of several other sets of declarations. some of the predate july 4th by several months. others that were written much more recently. some written here others written far away some

perhaps more colorfully, one continental officer put it thusly. wherever you turn, the weeping widow and fatherless child pour out their melancholy tales. and here, of course, i'm quoting the victors, the patriots. but the loyalists are at least as scarred. everywhere they go when they become refugees in the diaspora, their trauma, their loss becomes clear. everyone had someone to blame for something, and they all wanted to find an outlet for their pain. and we're talking lots of people. and yet -- and yet, the actual realization is that while there are lots of loyalist refugees, and they suffer tremendously, white localists and black loyalists, and they incidentally become a thorn in the side of colonial governors, absolutely everywhere else in the empire they go, because apparently they became too american. and they want to make things different. everywhere they go, if we sort of do the best back of envelope numbers we're talking about a half million people who are identifiably loyalist in some way. they did something besides hide under their be

they are doing things that free up the continental troops to be able to conduct combat operations soy are doing logistical support and things like that and also they are the ones that are the primary during the bennington campaign. so they are important for a number of different reasons and of course at the end of the campaign as you mentioned when burgoyne is less than 6000 troops are surrounded by we don't know exactly how many but 17 or 18,000 americans and two-thirds of those are militia so they are very in port and to the victory at the very end. so very important from start to finish i think in the entire campaign. the militia is very very important and that's one of the reasons i think why washington is so shrewd to come to skylar's aid and to understand the militia and they worked very well with the militia and they heare popular with the militia d both benedict arnold and then jim and lincoln are generals that have those traits in gates is two. the new england militia really likes gates well mainly because of his success. when this is all c said and done you have the primary

to mark the formation of the continental army until general washington a flag was raised on prospect hill in massachusetts, but actually the flag was the meteor flag of britain proof that the colonists still saw themselves as greedy citizens even while they fought british troops. it was the same grand union or meteor flag which flew from ships of the continental navy when they sailed from philadelphia three days later. and the same flag again was raised over the fort of manhattan island even after the declaration of independence had been signed. and when obviously no possibility of affiliation with the mother country any longer existed but that hostilities increased. the old flag symbolic of england became a banner to be cast off by revolutionaries fighting for independence in a land. they declared their own. in 1777 the hong congress formally told the world the flag of the united states shall be 13 stripes alternate red and white with a union of 13 stars of white on a blue field representing a new constellation. as the legend tells us on the day congress laid down guidelines to the

a continental view. maybe it goes all the way to 1804.maybe it is a louisiana purchase, or the haitian revolution, haitian independence. i think it's quite important that both of these arguments are not only compatible with but even buttressed by, dependent on the realization of african americans as actors in the period. not just that they had their own revolution but that what they were doing, how they were doing it, forced the issue of their presence on the agenda of the revolutionaries. africans had politics to. that is the fundamental realization that is changing, and it will change all scholarship. but a nets charge to us, wisely, required we ask about the results. and for whom? that can't always be measured by ideas were intentions. so i'm going to try to grapple with that a little bit. and then meditate a bit on what i think it means for how we need to think about the relationship between the revolution and african american history, and its central itty. emancipation in the north was an outcome of the revolution and it was only con

he also couldn't believe the continental army, british troops. >> yes. of these assumptions that everyone is making, i don't criticize the fact that they make those assumptions when you are planning today, one of the things we teach and war colleges military planning so when you are planning, you obviously never have one 100% information so to fill the gaps, you have to make those assumptions and that is understandable so making assumptions are not bad in and of themselves but you also have to, if you're going to make an assumption, you also have to look at what if my assumption is not true? what if loyalists don't come out in droves in new york after i take this and help fill up my thursdays logistical balls and things like that. what happens if they don't have to at least think through that and of a course none of these ky leaders did that. they didn't think through what if my assumptions are wrong? what do i do then? how do i plan for that? or how do i at least consider, if it doesn't hold true then, maybe i need to stay at ticonderoga until i change

fought and many farmers who fled the continental army, we always want to learn more.ing is professor emeritus at the university of west georgia where he joined a career teaching courses on the revolution, america's founders and u.s. military history. he's written 13 books and articles on the politics of tactics of the american revolution in the early i prefer to tell you about johnment although his parents were from

down to i this point to destroy washington continental army and win control of several northern provinces. they really had not succeeded on either score. so at the end of the debate, the notion of remaining in the war largely because the king insisted the war continue. and the person who really led the fight to remain in the war was lord george jermaine was the secretary of state for the american colonies. and in that position jermaine was in essence the minister of four and he also had responsibilities for britain's army in america. and jermaine understood a new strategy had to be developed and came up with what became known as a southern strategy. and word to write off the northern colonies an attempt to regain control of two or possibly three colonies down south, georgia, south carolina and possibly, north carolina asn well. jermaine thought that was a plausible strategy. and generally was correct in this that a greater percentage of communist - - communist in the southern colonies remained loyal to england than was the case in the northern colonies. they were typing economically and t

he had thought as a member of the continental army. in the early years of our struggle for independence. on his return in april of 1780 the marquee brought with him. not only the promise from the front the king of france of additional support in the form of 6,000 troops and seven ships. but also an enduring friendship. that has lasted centuries. the marquee resumed his place alongside general washington and the continental army and was among troops setting siege. on the battle headquarters in yorktown in 1781 as you walk through your town. you are walking in the footsteps of our nation's first president. and the many frenchmen to whom we owe our thanks. for example the marquis de lafayette. the comp the grass the comp hero shambo the vcomp no, i and so many others not only were these french heroes fighting in yorktown. but the ermione participated in the naval blockade. and assault on the british forces from the york river. today we celebrate the french who gave so much during the forming of our nation. the original army on and they're

let's start in the spring of 1776 when john adams was in philadelphia with a second continental congress. debating whether or not the colonies were going to declare an independency. and his wife abigail adams wrote him. what would become the most famous letter written by a woman in american history? so in the letter she asks how the war is going and she dryly comments on southern slaveholders. she wonders if they can be loyal to the patriot cause she says i have sometimes been ready to think that the passion for liberty cannot be equally strong in the breasts of those who have been accustomed to deprive their fellow creatures. and that's why you like abigail. she's so smart and and very witty. but it's a few paragraphs later that she pens the words that will go down through the century. she says i longed to hear that you have declared and independency. and by the way in the new code of laws, which i suppose it will be necessary for you to make i desire you remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. do not put such unlimited power into the hands of

they were written to put pressure on the often cautious delegates of the second continental congress, so those delegates in philadelphia might find the courage to embrace the cause of independence and sever all ties britain. and they soon started to see. every post and every day rolls in upon us. independence like a torrent. and it wasn't just john adams. others were also starting to get this message from their own constituents. and a man of the virginia delegation introduced the first formal, a revolution to declare that these united colonies ought to be free and independent states. but them and the state of great britain and they ought to be finally dissolved. two days of intense debate but the outcome of that debate may not be the result that you're expecting. others in favor of independence didn't have the votes to carry the day, at least not yet. so the members did what congress has always done best, they kicked the can down the road. they declared a final vote and they agreed instead to set up a committee to study the issue. resolved that the first revolution be postponed, and i

now, one famous government is a continental soldier. this is the tomb that was built for george washington underneath right under the center of the dome and if you come in late at night, the -- this continental soldier is parading up and down guarding george washington's body. george washington was such a hero at the time of the revolution that the soldier vowed that he would guard george washington's body after he died for eternity and he's still there because he died before they decided not to bury george washington there. what you're seeing in this photograph is last case that holds the catapult that's used in the lying in honor, lying in state ceremonies. the tomb actually looks like this and it's hard to get to until you have to go through a lot of corridors and up some stairs and so forth to get there. so it's best to go late at night when the light isn't there and then you can actually see this ghost going up and down. now, this continental soldier considered hero, heroism as sacrifice. and in that way, he is the spirit that's ha

arrival in england, except for those coming from france on the shore, dubin ski has more about the continental divide. you could almost pay the ease for cross syrup. when grace was an i were helping reunited people living in the united states and european countries with their family and france in the u. k. from 2nd august at 4 am. people from these countries will be able to come to england from an ember country without having to quarantine if they're fully vexed. i and others cried out until the roll that inconvenience back to the wrong to the european country not to be included to angry citizens. ridiculous of francis to exclude anyone traveling back from through france this weekend will up the current scene. while most of the you and us will not have to for monday, the rules for france are based on period political tit for tat that it's shameful and to disgrace, where not people from this country. it's where you came national squad, desperate to see our families whom we haven't seen for a very, very long time. we are students trying to get back to uni. french politicians are also seeming a d