as so often, le corbusier has put his work on a grandiose scale using the mountains as a backdrop. we are fighting tooth and nail to preserve the backdrop of the shivalik hills. it is marred by urbanisation, and the intent of keeping it green, as corbusier envisioned, is lost. i think the city would lose quite a bit. so it is our duty as citizens that we must save chandigarh. the architect sumit kaur on the creation of chandigarh. now, even after indian independence in 1947, there were some parts of india that remained under european colonial control. goa on the west coast of india was ruled by the portuguese till 1961, when finally, the indian army marched across the border to reclaim the lost territory, ending centuries of european rule in india. libia lobo sardesai took part in goa's struggle for independence. in 1947, when india became independent from british rule, i was a young goan student in bombay. but goa had not become independent at the same time because goa was a portuguese colony. 10,000 demonstrators in new delhi crowd around india's parliament house, shouting demand