through institutions and diplomacy and working with russian and ukrainian leaders in the crimea. we do not talk much or teach about that in political science or international affairs abortive the country of o'malley -- affairs. in the country of -- the future was in jeopardy. you have politic arrangements. violence was still percolating. through conflict resolution, it percolated upward. it was embraced by the political process. they have had a peaceful transition of government, changes in power current and -- in power. the techniques are much more prevalent throughout much of society. it was virus that was prevented. i think we have to be wary of being cynical and pessimistic and just say weave a proclivity to violence. that is what we have to focus on. we have to develop strong institutions a piece of building at the local level. >> it is my turn. it is a great honor to be here. thank you to be here with us. i think that he pointed out a lot of good pois about the low-social aspects, political and economic aspects. i wish to point out some psychological aspects that will not be

there was a lot of effort put into keeping a lid on conflicts and tensions in crimea in the mid 1990s. through institutions like the organization of security cooperation in europe, through diplomacy, through working with local leaders, russian and ukrainian, and the crimea. by therefore surely we don't talk much about that. we don't teach about this in political science or international affairs at you think about another interesting example. the country of mali, in which after, there were violent conflicts, some of them were identity-based, tribal, that there was the future of mali was in significant jeopardy, even though you had in the 1990s and end that is officially to conflict, you had a peace agreement. you have political arrangement, violence was still percolating. and through a series of conflict resolutions, and mediation effort at the local level, that actually percolate upwards and got embraced i the larger political process in mali, mali has actually had peaceful transitions of government, changes in power. and has developed conflict management techniques that is, in fact,

we didn't fight at waterloo but became commander-in-chief the second of the british forces in the crimea war and was also viceroy of india baker so distinguished englishmen. he asked them to go and talk to him and they arrange this deal and they had the duel. what happens in the duel? a lot of comical things but one of the myths and by the way the fact is from our point of view duels look ridiculous and funny so even though this was serious and this was an episode in which the prime minister of england could have been shot in the middle of a constitutional crisis nevertheless it looks ridiculous to us i think for good reasons. so they have this fight. wellington is the person who has challenged first. he fires and misses. this is not surprising because wellington was one of the great soldiers of his time. he was a famously bad shot so nobody would have expected him to hit anybody but what is amazing is what happens next. is now one shall see time. what does he do? heap points the gun in the air in fires in the air. this is a man who didn't have to have this duel. white as a fire in the a

armed countries, russia and ukraine in fact had a great deal of conflict over the disposition of the crimea keeping a lid on conflicts and teions in crimea in the mi1990s for institutions like the organization of security and cooperation in europe, through diplomacy, through working with local leaders, russian and ukrainian in the crimea. but unfortunately, we don't talk much about that and we don't teach about this in political science or international affairs and most cases. you think about another interesting example. the country of mali in which after there were violent conflicts, some of them were identity-based tribal, that there was a feature of mali was insignificant jeopardy, even though you had, in the 1990s and and that was officially to conflict. you had a peace agreement. you have political arrangements. the violence is still percolating. enter a series of conflict resolution and mediation efforts at the local level, that actually percolated upwards and matt clement praised by the larger political process in mali. molly has actually had peaceful transitions of government, chang