it's people based on the will of the crimea who elected us we declare that we will not give crimea to extremists and neo nazis seeking to seize power in ukraine at the cost of the blood of the country and its citizens after the regime change in kiev rumors began spreading in crimea that the new authorities would be merciless to those that oppose them. this led to the pro russian demonstrations rejecting the new government in kiev. on february twenty seventh the government buildings in the capital of crimea were seized by pro russian protesters. the current crimean government was dismissed and the new leader surrogate acciona of was assigned as the leader of the crimean autonomy republic when you lead the below the knee of what i shall it's crisis go to kosovo still with you has this should. on march sixteenth the crimean referendum or so held and the people voted to leave ukraine and enter the russian federation. the situation in crimea is being presented as a russian invasion and again nobody looks at the seriously and looks at the poll numbers and some of the poll numbers done by th

it's people based on the will of the crimea who elected us we declare that we will not give crimea to extremists and neo nazis seeking to seize power in ukraine at the cost of the blood of the country and its citizens after the regime change in kiev rumors began spreading in crimea that the new authorities would be merciless to those that oppose them. this led to the pro russian demonstrations rejecting the new government in kiev. on february twenty seventh the government buildings in the capital of crimea were seized by pro russian protesters. the current crimean government was dismissed and the new leader surrogate acciona of was assigned as the leader of the crimean autonomy republic when you lead the as the below. but i shall it's close is go to kosovo still with you has this should. on march sixteenth the crimean referendum morse held and the people voted to leave ukraine and enter the russian federation. the situation in crimea is being presented as a russian invasion and again nobody looks at the seriously and looks at the poll numbers and some of the poll numbers done by the u

the situation in crimea is being presented as a russian invasion and again nobody looks at the serious way and looks at the poll numbers and some of the poll numbers done by the u.s. government agencies themselves showing that the people of crimea prefer being part of russia in the u.s. news media it's all been presented as the russians invaded they then station sham election with people with guns at their backs somehow they big the ballot boxes to get ninety six percent approval for rejoining russia idea of a referendum in crimea is just quite simply unconstitutional but it does raise questions on whether this vote really is free and fair especially given the heavy military presence in crimea right now errol so that's how it's been sold to american people the reality is very different yet it's fair to say if the electric thousands of people who have gathered in the capital crimean city have stemmed from apple all of this funding a referendum held last sunday in which the majority of people here overwhelmingly voted in support of being reunited with russia. there was but each to talk w

you go from 11 crimeas to one crimea every four years and the last crimea was crimea.nd this is -- that's why crimea matters a great deal because it's -- if you will, the exception that proves the rule, it's such a p rarity now speciay conquest is falling off in terms of extent, 96% and it needs to stay that way. it needs to stay that way and the way in which it stays that way is the way acquisition of russia of crimea cannot be recognized. the sanctions cannot be dropped. it is -- it is horrible for the people of crimea but it is really important for the health of the international system. because states cannot be conquered, weca see a proliferation of states. so after 1945 you have about 65 -- 60 states, now roughly 183 states and the reason is that states can be small and weak. south sudan broke away from sudan even though it makes it more vulnerable in one sense but nott vulnerable in another way. it doesn't really have to worry about being conquered and have its oil deposits taken because nobody will recognize that conquest. now, this is wonderful on one hand, wea

complicated history and they certainly a big hit in two thousand and fourteen after the events in crimea and more broadly in ukraine do you think we will still see any improvement between our countries while i. live to move put in for that matter are in office so will we have to wait for somebody to replace them to a certain extent. both countries are interested and should be interested in relations. to have two or three objectives the most objective is to maintain peace. jobless of conflicts may arise the second issue is. exchange and technological exchange but is specially trade trading between and there is a lot of trade third there is and must should be an offer to understand the differences. as have always been the relationship between russia and germany we have different histories way beyond back we have different philosophies we have different attitudes towards government and we have differences too. in the extent of participation of the population. in government issues so we should learn why this is so and we should understand now you mentioned the issue of trade and i know that

a view as usual going to say you did not invade crimea you know what we did. we supported the people of crimea because you know whence the once there was a coup in kiev. and the legitimate president unocal which was removed by the regime of poroshenko and the government of the winner so they call it the people in premier decided to have a referendum and so they voted ninety seven percent voted in favor of independence crimea because the they were freed of the changes that took place in kiev and later on very soon they decided to ask in other referendum to join russia and this is you know how how the creamier became part of russia is a point made repeatedly by a foreign minister as well but there you see as the saying that nato battle groups now as you mentioned on a stone in poland in lithuania latvia they're wasting their time and including british troops that is wasting their time on your borders and spending money but you're not denying that vladimir putin is a militaristic leader who is looking for expansionism of a russian federation he has expanded the r

by a act of the politburo in a fit of madness frankly so i mean do you think the portrayal of crimea as reification of russia as some sort of an explosion occupation or a plebiscite at gunpoint not so it's been labeled a lot by western media by western politicians i mean is that a fair representation or that wasn't your experience when you've been there. because i was only there for a week but what did strike me and i recorded it at the time was how unhappy the autonomous pollen into the crimea incident per apolo whatever it's called was about being in the ukraine they kept on coming to be the only people who wanted to be in the ukraine with a tautology and they seemed to want to be in the ukraine because the russians want you to be in russia so it was never a very happy marriage frankly i just sort of thought i'd want the media climate that's happened in the ukraine. they go ahead. i said there's a lot that's happened in the ukraine in the way that your nuke of a christian you stay out of office that was to put it mildly somewhat on slavery you know i i was not convinced by was happ

repeat what has happened in crimea. this is a very difficult question and i would have to say your volatile because it reaches far beyond the issue of of sanctions that we have chests discussed. sanctions could be could be justified i'm just. as the business reservation in relationship to. the developments in ukraine or another border states. and as in the feeling of you're not germany alone of europe the development in. your career in your crane is considered to be unfortunate and now the only the only way to end to put this. to put this to russia is not just simply arguing but also. by. introducing. corporations or. solutions of conflict in this field so far we haven't been very successful. that well you know that the crimean issue at least for russia is closely linked to nato its is for the expansion reach traces its roots back to german reunification and the promises. that vera made to moscow back down and we're not necessarily saying is no kind of promises have made that we're not carried through while it is believ

government buildings in crimea shake you crazy. just shrug your shoulders and say ok crimea is lost and the old arguments would heat up once again. the cold war would heat up and cool down by turns while both rivals were obsessive leave building up military capacity the turning point took place when the new era perestroika came to the u.s.s.r. with its new leader mikhail gorbachev in the middle of the one nine hundred eighty s. . perestroika meant restructuring towards liberalization and democratization it's certainly had a positive impact on the international situation astonishing news from east germany by the shaman authorities have said in essence of the berlin wall doesn't mean anything anymore. but inside the u.s.s.r. the weakening of kremlin control had different consequences. in ukraine a nationalistic political organization. or people's movement emerged in one nine hundred eighty nine due to this mild openness. they advocated for independence of ukraine from the u.s.s.r. and became an incubator for leaders of ukrainian nazi

ansk in ukraine, and the annexation of crimea.s a result of that, he gave up on the other forces inside his own government which were more liberal to a certain extent. he became the hostage of the information coming out of the fs the. -- the fsb. they are totally re-creating the structure of the week, totally. that,became a hostage of the analysis, is done by an department that was made in the kgb. he himself made the us may be a hostage of the situation, and i it will work for him. navolny, whom i have known for the last 14 years, is a very talented politician, and he is capable of a lot. he was under house arrest for a year, and he read so many looks. jail, iisited him in always saw him at books. -- with books. extremely devoted and a talented politician. he created the whole structure fromthe last year, stalingrad to that evolve stock stock, -- vladivostock of a organization, and all of a sudden they realized that opposition was not only in the big cities but also out in the russian provinces as well. as a result of that, thous

prone to all kind of, you know, war revenge with neighbors like happened in case of annexation of crimea or more in the eastern ukraine. the type of regimes are more stable, therefore it is much more difficult to expect positive change to answer questions with respect to specific regimes, here we'll just say there's one interesting feature we observe now among new russian nomenclature. obviously those with offices in soviet times in their mid-60s, some of them older than that, and they have their children who are also joined the ranks, many of them, joined ranks of top russian nomenclature. we call it, there's almost hereditary. these children of the kgb, they take over banks, state owned banks, corporations. et cetera. ten heads of state affiliated corporations led by the kgb. 25 agencies, head of agencies, governmental agencies or deputy head of government are led by the kgb. talking about children, what is interesting about that is that many of them went to boarding schools in the west, and some of them went through the universities in the west. i don't want to imply that they necessa

government buildings in crimea shit you crazy. just shrug your shoulders and say ok crimea is lost and the old arguments would heat up once again. the cold war would heat up and cool down by turns while both rivals were obsessive leave building up military capacity the turning point took place when the new era perestroika came to the u.s.s.r. with its new leader mikhail gorbachev in the middle of the one nine hundred eighty s. . perestroika meant restructuring towards liberalization and democratization it certainly had a positive impact on the international situation astonishing news from east germany by the east german authorities have said in essence of the berlin wall doesn't mean anything anymore. but inside the u.s.s.r. the weakening of kremlin control had different consequences. in ukraine a nationalistic political organization. or people's movement emerged in one nine hundred eighty nine due to this mild openness. they advocated for independence of ukraine from the u.s.s.r. and became an incubator for leaders of ukrainian n

in crimea can you clarify that got us discuss all about they've. got to give it a barely spoke all of the quote but the most of the most go floatable couldn't. as long ago as eighteen zero four sevastopol the naval base became the main military port of the russian empire on the black sea. during the second world war the heroic defense of sevastopol lasted almost a year and took hundreds of thousands of lives. therefore the naval base in crimea has a legacy of historical pride for the russian black sea fleet as well as being of huge strategic importance. those of us alive back then remember when there were soviet missiles put into cuba how frightened americans were and how angry and how we almost went to a nuclear confrontation over having weapons of that kind of destruction placed that close to the united states. just so if the united states considers cuba to be in its backyard. then crimea plays at russia's doorstep. the consequences of a u.s. seizure of the face or a nato base which and usually. the most some of us india has and ensuring is natur

in crimea can you clarify that us discuss all about their. god i would have believed according to quote but the most noble such and the most go float of could him. as long ago as eighteen zero four sevastopol the naval base became the main military port of the russian empire on the black sea. during the second world war the heroic defense of sevastopol lasted almost a year and took hundreds of thousands of lives. therefore the naval base in crimea has a legacy of historical pride for the russian black sea fleet as well as being of huge strategic importance. those of us alive back then remember when there were soviet missiles put into cuba how frightened americans were and how angry and how we almost went to a nuclear confrontation over having weapons of that kind of destruction placed that close to the united states. just so if the united states considers cuba to be in its backyard. then crimea plays at russia's doorstep. the consequences of a u.s. seizure of the face or a nato base which internationally. but almost some of us india is and en

then crimea plays at russia's doorstep. the consequences of a u.s. seizure of the face or a nato base which internationally. but almost some of us india is and insuring is an actual plot which you had thought me to. put you on with that. was today and you know unless. you know it's not just a quick practical bring it to the ship. has no opinion on it. so it's not just an imitator users into this about it when it said no in a system that was the old me the only leader on that has got to shut it down look to play well or. it was a piece that's just would. just i'm opposed to what i get there but only in the way but as it used to but they both say you know that on the phone sex amongst the windows me with the cesium if you make one place they put the national system. unless you mean it's not. supposed to think that if we act we would sort of the response. to me because you knew seemed up and you know look if when it's just about you know in the u.s. those challenges the notion of yours that you play in the in you in the lead you disappear you know the s

then crimea plays at russia's doorstep. the consequences of a u.s. seizure of the face or a nato base which internationally. but almost a sum up a stimulus and buzzing and sure it is natural. you have taught me to. put you on with that. was three and zero in less assuring us not just a quick practical thing at issue. yes no opinion it's. so it's not just in the north it users in tunis about it we. know in a system that with the old me the only leader on that has got to show us if you will or. it was a piece of the school board. just him up i want to get there but only you know a buzz. but they're both saying no doubt on the phone sex amongst the when doesn't it seem easy it takes to make. a state but the national system. unless you mean it's not. supposed to and think that if we act we would so to respond. to me because you knew seemed up and you know look at clint you just you know and i guess those. years that you play in the in the lead you disappear you know the same souce of them. up in the back of the in atlanta still a good little news and whe

crimea because you know whence the once there was a coup in kiev. and the legitimate president unocal which was removed by the regime of poroshenko and the government of the winner so they call it the people in premier decided to have a referendum and so they voted ninety seven percent voted in favor of independence crimea because the they were freed of the changes that took place in key and later on very soon they decided to ask in other referendum to join russia and this is you know how how the creamier became part of russia is a point made repeatedly by your foreign minister as well but then are you seriously saying that nato battle groups now as you mentioned on a stone in poland in lithuania latvia they're wasting their time and including british troops that is wasting their time on your borders and spending money but you're not denying that vladimir putin is a militaristic leader who is looking for expansionism of a russian federation he has expanded the russian federation you know like this deals because. there is a very good institute intern

when he went into crimea we saw that this was a potential. but it was a surprise that he did in the way he did his goal is to keep ukraine destabilized and to make sure that it never completes any kind of western orientation he's not as we like to think of him especially here in the us a grand strategic thinker and chess player he plays blackjack. you know it's a very high acceptance of risk and that's a very russian mentality there's a russian called a voice which is like basically a wing it and see what happens. obama called putin and talked for more than an hour threatening him with sanctions if he went ahead and annexed crimea but put in ignored the threats from the west and went even further. in the summer of twenty fourteen russian troops without uniforms started arriving in donbass and eastern region of ukraine to support progress in separatist rebels against the new government in kiev it started a dirty war. what do they want five hundred miles from moscow they wanted us to stay and see how they would kill our people there so we have

" on the great timeline on all the failures the obama administration had against russia including crimea, syria, and so much more. we are now starting to win again." and this, "i've been much tougher on russia than obama,

you come from 11 to one every four years, which, in the last crimea was crimea. this is, that's why crimea matters a great deal. because if you will, it's the exception that proves the rule. it's such a rarity now. basically conquests has fallen off in terms of extent 96%, and it needs to stay that way. it needs to stay that way, and the way in which it stays that way is that the acquisition by russian of crimea cannot be recognized. the sanctions cannot be dropped. it is horrible for people of crimea, but it is really important for the health of the international system. because states cannot be conquered we see a proliferation of state pics after 1945 you have about 60 states. now there's roughly 193 193 st, and the reason is is that states can be small and weak. south sudan broke away from sudan, even though it makes it more vulnerable in one sense, but not vulnerable in another way. it doesn't really have to worry about being conquered and have its oil deposits taken because nobody will recognize that conquest. now, this is wonderful on one hand, weak states

what might moscow have beyond crimea and eastern ukraine?peak with a former us deputy assistant secretary for the army, next. >> tech: at safelite autoglass we know that when you're spending time with the grandkids... ♪ music >> tech: ...every minute counts. and you don't have time for a cracked windshield. that's why at safelite, we'll show you exactly when we'll be there. with a replacement you can trust. all done sir. >> grandpa: looks great! >> tech: thanks for choosing safelite. >> grandpa: thank you! >> child: bye! >> tech: bye! saving you time... so you can keep saving the world. >> kids: ♪ safelite repair, safelite replace ♪ hais not always easy. severe plaque psoriasis it's a long-distance run and you have the determination to keep going. humira has a proven track record of being prescribed for over ten years. it's the #1 prescribed biologic by dermatologists. more than 250,000 patients have chosen humira to fight their psoriasis. and they're not backing down. for most patients clearer skin is the proof. humira can lower your abilit

anyone entering crimea from russian territory as did h.p. baxter and his band mates is breaking ukrainian law now ukraine has opened legal proceedings against them they could face up to eighty years in prison. she says they went to where they were breaking any laws they just wanted to visit their fans . everything from the vibrant world of music on facebook and. stories of stars and the latest from the music scene. massive kill in two thousand and seven when i knocked madonna off the top of the british album charts with their album jumping all over the world. here's the title track. live . live. live. live. live. live live. live . let's take a closer look now at scooter's incredible success the group of landed more than twenty top ten singles in germany alone and stormed the charts in several other countries to their secret. lives kate his first international hits was rebel yell if you can answer about the great generation. in fact it's a cover of a hit from the eighty's but i've been the idol specifically to realize the potential of taking

anyone entering crimea from russian territory as did h.p. baxter and his band mates is breaking ukrainian law they just wanted to visit they fans. everything from the vibrant world of pop music on facebook and music. stories stars and the latest from the music scene. join us in the universe of pop on facebook send us a message we love hearing from. a massive coup in two thousand and seven when i knocked a doner off the top of the british album charts with their album jumping all over the world to. the title track. the to. cut. let's take a closer look now at scooter's incredible success the group of landed more than twenty top ten singles in germany alone and stormed the charts in several other countries to. secret. lives cases first international hits was rebel yell if they can and some of the brave generation. in fact it's a cover of the hit from the eighty's pipe in the idle. good to the click to realize the potential of taking hits everyone and giving them the ticket she claims. to use i have no doubt by the main thing is knowing how to

of the crimea annexation in russia. he was looking for something that would prolong this effect. apparently russians give lip service to what's happening in syria. so it didn't work. i think that will be another kind of thing that we should expect. thank you so much. ambassador herbst: thank you. all our panelists thank you. thank all the audience. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2018] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> you can see this discussion any time online at c-span.org. just search atlantic council in our video library. our coverage from the republican retreat in greenbrier, west virginia continues. the president will be speaking to the group this afternoon at 12:30 eastern. we'll have that live a bit later on. senate majority leader mitch mcconnell and the house speaker, paul ryan, will hold a news briefing from the retreat. we'll have that live as well at 2:30. the president making his way back to washington this afternoon. he'll speak t

i think there is a lot of evidence that the decision to go and to annexed crimea, which is the step he didn't need to take, done another frozen conflict. i think that was very much putin. did he have supporters? did he consult with people and make sure he wasn't goingagainst against the consensus? i'm sure that was the case. the other thing, putin unlike a lot of these faceless members of this new nomenclature, does have a personal standing with the people. he maintains that. he cultivates it with the big tv interview every year withthe staged nomenclature, does outreach events to the public as we're seeing during his so-called election campaign. he can bank on a bit of popular support even if it will be inflatesed in terms of the stag, actual vote count. that some these other characters don't have. the question for me is he going to become a lame duck? the next six years is going to be interesting. he could, as he could have done after his second term, change the constitution to allow himself to run or they could create some new honorific super , presidency that could allow him to sta

crimea is an exception. putin does not need more territory if only because more people come with the territory and you have to feed them and give pensions. he doesn't like it. putin's strategy was and is a confrontation with the west. the problem is the american side does not want to provide that information. perhaps for putin it was as much of a grand illusion. >> thank you for that. >> we'll turn to jeremy whose essay is on nixon. >> i want to say how delighted i am to be up here. i have use sod much of the work from the presidential studies project here at the miller center. it's one of the most important things that not just the miller center does but they have done for the last decade and so. and i know my graduate students will benefit from it. i want to tell everyone how influenced i have been by his work. he does what almost no other historian does which is to not simply tell the story but context within the frame work writing about the role of soviet leaders but also soviet citizens like himself as

he must compensate for the apparent sign of weakness by stopping at crimea. he cannot just stay idle and not respond to western sanctions. he must produce counter sanctions. that's part of the regime that he is a hostage of as a creator of. what does that leave us with? i do think that still, if we go beyond this complexity, dealing with the system itself and pscyche, this is a country that is fundamentally different from the soviet union. putin has some weaknesses, but some strength compared to brezhnev. brezhnev was responsible for the sprawling communist empire, ethiopia and angola and vietnam and all of that. he had to maintain. putin can at least choose more or less where to intervene and how far to go. also, in terms of economic flexibility, yes, the russian economy is smaller than the soviet economy. but putin at least did not inherit a completely failed economic model. he still employs neoliberal economists that provide quite efficiently macroeconomic stability when the pie is shrinking, even under the conditions of sanctions. this is a flexibility br

crimea is an exception. it's a one-off thing. -- puts not needin mart in does not need more territory. if anything because more territory comes with more people and they need more pensions and things. [laughter] sideroblem is the american doesn't want to provide that opportunity. perhaps for putin, it was as much a grand illusion as detente was for brezhnev. >> thank you. [laughter] >> while them -- well done. to jeremy, whose essay is on nixon and detente. jeremy: i want to start by thanking the organizers and how delighted i am to be here with barbara and vlad. i want to applaud the miller center and help the presidential studies project continues to prosper. i know my graduate students will benefit from it as many of us will. i want to tell everyone how influenced i have been by avld's .- by vlad's because he does not tell the story of detente. but he contextualizes it with a lot of framework, the role of soviet leaders, but also soviet citizens like himself, survivors children -- zhivago's children. dive

putin called a meeting of his security council in moscow his plan was to invade crimea which was part of ukraine its population is russian speaking and there is a russian naval base on the peninsula. but a military invasion of a european country was not an easy step to take. put into liberated and sought counsel. in the upper echelons of power the hardliners demanded that he take the offensive. one of those making the case was constantine malouf a of. a young oligarch and an ultra nationalist champion of the great christian russia. that was she's decision. and i can again you know just to tell you i. what i feared that it was not easy and of course you know death was debated and lies there what would happen after and what would be their reaction from from the west from from americans who sponsored. this in kiev and of course there is their reaction the soldiers. three nine year old jerry . woodson believe that obama would not dare to oppose him and gave the green light. on the twenty third of february putin attended the closing ceremony of the olympic games and three days later the cr

finally, let me conclude with an optimistic note, crimea is an exception. it's a one of thing. putin does not need more territory, if only because more people come with the territory, you have to feed them and give pensions and so forth. he doesn't like it. putin's strategy was and is not a confrantation with the west, but a bargain. we all know it. the problem is that the american side does not want to provide that opportunity. perhaps for putin it was as much of a grand illusion, or a grand delusion as dtente was for brezhnev. >> thank you, vlad. >> well done, well done. [ applause ] >> now we'll turn to jeremi whose essay is on nixon and dtente. >> i want to start and say thank you to the organizers. i'm delighted to be up here with barbara and vlad. it's one of the most important things the miller center does, but the historical profession has done in the last decade or so. i want to applaud the miller center. i know my graduate students will benefit from it as many of us will. i want to just tell everyone how influenced i've been by vlad's work. in many ways because vlad d

crimea is an exception. it's one -- it's one-off thing. putin does not need more territory if only because you have to feed them and pensions. he doesn't like it. putin's strategy was and is not a confrontation with the west but a bargain. we all know it. the problem is that the american side does not want to provide him that opportunity. perhaps for putin it was as much of a grand delusion or a grand delusion as detente was for brezhnev. thank you, vlad. >> well done. well done. >> and now, jeremy, we'll turn to jeremy whose essay is on nixon and detente. >> i just want to start by, again, thanking the organizers and also say how delighted to be up here with barbara and vlad. i've used so much of the work here of mittller center. i want to applaud the miller and hope the project prospers in coming years. my graduate students will benefit of it as many of us will and i want to tell everyone how influenced i've been by vlad's work and does what no other historian of the period of detente does which is to not simply tell the story of detente

the same with crimea, for them it's a shock to see someone saying we probably national treaties, only truth. i'm not a populist. that's why i'm saying these things. i want people to see there's another position and another view on those subjects that are so important for russian audience. this is the only chance to speak them up. because putin cannot lock tv anymore for me during the campaign. i was pushed out of the tv for six years. i lost all my jobs when i went out on the protest in 2011. and now it's the only chance to bring my position back on tv. because now he wants, you know, an open elections, all the world is watching him, and he can't just take one candidate away from tv. >> you are in washington, d.c., you're in the united states. i want to ask you, do you believe that russia hacked into america's democratic process, its election process in 2016? >> to tell you the truth, i don't know. well, it sounds like we really had something to do with it. but if it's so, i want to say sorry. and i think it's unacceptable for any country to meddle into the affairs for any country, no

it's been done it pretty small amount of territory what five percent of ukraine they they've helped crimea carry out an act of free self-determination and. they did it under enormous provocation if there hadn't been the mud and square coup d'etat they would not have been awarded and at least mr kevin i could argue that the west did similar things are not the countries but as i have western officials would reply to that there is no moral equivalency anyway we have to take a short break now but we'll be back in just a few moments stay tuned. despite its title and history the soviet union has dominated international sport however this is not about the motives of those champions from the. sort of you know . when the mature one number. one there with the been bored me think you are if you're going to describe. your work there is schuster's to be reserved for your wardrobe the first some of you to limp a team of thousand nine hundred fifty two with the polluted seats of a concentration camp prisoners and from slime soldiers for sure but even that is good to go from here with corruption because y