that was in czechoslovakia. >> a bad year. it was a year where it seems like all the strands came together at once. north korea became more opportunistic and at times actually launch a kind of situation where they might be able to open up the southern front. taking advantage of the vietnam war and the tet offensive. and then czechoslovakia which was a moment, like so much of 1968, everything changed for the better. and then the cold war comes and slams it down. >> explained what happens with the soviets moving into czechoslovakia and why that was such a significant milestone. >> in a way czechoslovakia was so important because it helped to start the cold war. the united states created the marshall plan and the truman doctrine was around czechoslovakia originally. and then went czechoslovakia started a program of reform and lifting censorship, and creating a more open government, the soviets came down and shut that down. and then what happens after that is then leonid brezhnev came in. he was called the brezhnev doctrine. by th

the city of prague in czechoslovakia. next slide. it is an old city, a lot of beautiful, old baroque and romanesque and baroque in gothic architecture. next slide. is a dirty apartment house, which looks really dirty and grubby right now in this picture. it is dirty and grubby is because this picture was taken immediately after the up inist regime folded the late 1990's. was not taken care of, but this is really a nice very well built apartment building up along to my grandparents, and it is now has been fixed up and painted, and it looks like a new building. on thely was living second floor. you can see that rectangular white window. that was actually my room, my brother and i used that room, that bedroom. and then the rest of the apartment belonged, was my parents', my father and mother were living, and my dad was a physician. he was a doctor, and he had his in a spot in the apartment, as well. this is sorttually of an very thing, do we grew up not realizing we were jewish because we were not practicing jews. in a sort growing up o

which it also got from america because as a group we also demonstrated against the invasion of czechoslovakia on the day -- on the very day that austin curry is marching on the first civil rights march to don gganan and they invade czechoslovakia. you see, it's the anti-authoritarianism that we're opposed to, that great movement that we opposed and also the vietnam march because the anti-vietnam demonstrations when we crossed the border to go to dublin we joined up with the irish students at the first anti-vietnam march. so i'm trying to stress to you the detail of the student movement, of its scope, of the latitude, and i am -- while being very critical of my own role in things i am also aware that it's the core. it's absolutely core and the other thing that we're still grappling with came into being in those days. thank you. [ applause ] >> very good. thank you, anne. anne, as i said earlier was a school girl in those marches and the same cannot be said for austin. austin at that stage was a public, a full-time member of parliament. he'd be the youngest member of parliament in the north end

czech this was part of czechoslovakia it was possible for us to flee the city i was born in prague and to reach paris i was six years old you mars cargo you would like most of the jews of crocodiles my parents spoke german at home. and only occasionally spoke czech or marina specially since. the family of my mother came from the survey. the first song that i learned to play on the piano. was to come up odd units until june forty two we stayed in paris and then we fled again. my parents decided we should go to pat and central france was an area that was not. supposedly well it was in france and we stayed there until summer forty two in july forty two or. four in occupied france the arrests of foreign jews began partners in accordance with an agreement between parker the s s and priestly to cut over in france and the. the prime minister as well as the head of the french police and it was scary this huge campaign was done by the french players. one month afterwards they are arrests began and are still going to push them before my parents. only rights to a way to escape was to go over the

in august 1961 the soviet tanks rolled into czechoslovakia to crush the prague spring.this is a photograph of a loan protester in the central square in prague. the image reminds me of that single protester in tiananmen square standing up against the tanks. needless to say it didn't work but the prague spring was crushed utterly and oleg was scandalized. he was absolutely furious. he took it as a personal affront that this had taken place. he did something that was, with hindsight, was both very brave and probably quite stupid. he went to a telephone in the soviet embassy that he knew was bugged at evidential intelligee service, and he placed a telephone call to his home to his wife was. he married a fellow kgb officer. their marriage was not a happy one. he called her at him knowing that their home telephone was also bugged. he delivered a serious harangue about what it happened about what he described as the criminal conspiracy to crush the prague spring. knowing or hoping that this would be picked up by the danish intelligence service. the problem with this plan was i

four months later he was president of czechoslovakia. i spent the summer in 1990 traveling across south africa in the months after nelson mandela walked out of prison and into history. in 1991, i traveled throughout the soviet union as that country too suddenly became alive to change. in the newspaper series, i wrote, even the title spoke to what a momentous, hopeful time that was. beyond apartheid on south africa. and for the soviet union, awakenings. in this present, dark moment, it's worth noting that history turns and can turn again. especially when individual citizens stand in defense of their rights and in the institutions essential to keeping democracy strong. it's also my honor today to introduce three eye-witnesses who will share their stories of living in democracies and the process of betrayal and collapse. one of them, retired army colonel, frank cohn, was a 13-year-old who got out of nazi germany days before the attacks on jewish businesses and families like his. five years later, he was a soldier in the battle of the bulge,

but on october 20 of 1968 the russians moved tanks into prague , the capital of czechoslovakia. i happened at that time in a vacation, way out in the outer edge of long island and i got a call, he said did you hear the news, and he said that's right, we want you back here, you will be the lead of the program. take as much time as you like and explain why the russians would move west? at this point? i knew walter did not mean take as much time as you like. that was 20 tops. but i was thinking on the drive into new york what i was going to say and i sort of assumed that the idea was the american president in the russian mind was so absorbed with the vietnam war that in europe we moved west and took advantage of the american preoccupation with the world in vietnam and that was one of the major reasons they moved. one of the major reasons. there were others. and so i wrote this piece and i had it, walter read it, it was terrific. and in those days you had to get in front of the camera and let the camera film and all that stuff. at about 5:45 pm he called me into his office and said

ian austin is adopted, and his father had been put on a train to england after germany invaded czechoslovakiaeave, and it was the last time that he had seen them. they were forced first into a ghetto, then sent on twice more to a place where they were murdered on the fifth of october, 1942. he escaped to the uk, he grew up to become the youngest grammar school headmaster in the country, he was honoured with an mbe for his contribution to education and his work for work for charities, and he adopted four children, of whom i am the second. and i suppose, that makes the theme of holocaust memorial week this year which is torn from home particularly appropriate. a few years ago my dad and i went back to austria and we found the flat he lived in, the sight of his school and his synagogue. in1937,10,000jews lived in austrava. the town had several synagogues, schools, jewish schools, businesses. in the single room that serves as a its synagogue today there are seats for 30 people. one of the reasons ijoined the labour party as a teenager in dudley 35 years was to fight racism, and i believe thatjust

at the time and we never would have dreamt of turning to soviet style communism bratislava in czechoslovakia was right on our doorstep about sixty kilometers east of vienna so we knew what the situation was like in prague it was horrible none of us wanted that. coude pay to shots is a former correspondent for the frankfurter allgemeine it site only in one thousand nine hundred seventy while he was studying at vienna university he joined a malice group. this was. the slogan of mao's that really hooked us was to rebel is justified we saw the rebellion as the essence of revolutionary activity and we could see that in the cultural revolution that's what forced could of. the viet nam war prompted a number of european students to shift their political views sharply to the left and many of them now became a symbol of resistance against imperialism these young people rose up against the political and social establishment that had come to power after world war two and demanded equality for all. maoist groups were particularly popular in france and many students committed themselves to the chairman's

experiences of a young boy after the nazis occupied his hometown in circles about kia hit -- czechoslovakiahe talks about his deportation to the auschwitz concentration camp,is

just say that this was still czechoslovakia when they were given this dignified burial to do a plea deal. in other places concentration camp prisoners who died before the end of the war were cremated or buried in mass graves on may the fifth a eulogy was held in rostock and to honor the dead. for all those who have helped and continue to help alleviate the need and suffering of these unknown people for all of you who have come here i bid farewell to these nameless ill fated martyrs we do not know in which language they embrace their parents brothers sisters or children we don't even know which god they pray to and they are meant suffering we believe that these difficult times are coming to an end and that beauty will be restored to us then we will make sure that this is a proper grave. on the train the remaining prisoners were afraid of what might a white i'm. hearing words hear you i had a dream last night it was as if i was in a church i was standing there a little. my window was high up on the sun was shining through it over there poor poor. poor little flu was very dusty. or. not and

because we've got one of the toughest dog sleighs in europe taking place at the moment and where in czechoslovakia where we've got lots of wintery weather to enjoy three years ago we had to abandon our faith three because there wasn't enough snow certainly cold this year though and the last time it was this cold for that dog sleigh was in two thousand and four and pretty cold for us now more wintery weather is just sinking its way southwards across the parts of europe but we've also got some very active weather down in the southeast corner that's giving us a lot of rain and a fair amount of snow as well and that of the system as it sinks its way south as well you can see snow on the leading edge but behind it we are seeing more rain and then in the middle of this little triangle here we've got some rather mild as a london will be getting up to seven degrees that cold front then sweeps across us though as we head through is saturday night into sunday and so the temperatures will be dropping and still very unsettled for many of us in the western parts of europe as we head across towards the northern

to argue not that would only underscore to be president of czechoslovakia. and after the months of nelson mandela walks out of prison and into history. and as that country suddenly became alive with change. and what a momentous and hopeful time that was. and for the soviet union so in the stark moment and with that keeping democracy strong it's also my honor today to introduce three eyewitnesses who share their stories in the process of betrayal and collapse. one of them, retired army colonel who got out of nazi germany with the attacks in jewish businesses and families but five years later a soldier in the battle of the bulge throughout the end of the war and beyond and in venezuela the mortal threat came from the left, not the right former soldier hugo chavez the anti- corruption populist campaign to use those democratic means to curb the judiciary read it on - - media another buttresses of civil society the journalist formally the director of the newspaper in january 2015 to cofound the investigative reporter they recipient of the international press free

t was 80 years ago that people burned down synagoguing in czechoslovakia, germany and austria and police looked the other way. in pittsburgh they ran into the buildings with bullets flying at them. it was 80 years ago today jews were killed and politicians turned their back. in pittsburgh today we stand shoulder-to-shoulder, democrat and republican, to say never again. it was 80 years ago today that community leaders allowed the holocaust to begin and in pittsburgh today we stand as one to make sure that we follow what we believe to be the right way. we can defeat hate. i loved our expression stronger than hate, showing the steelers symbol with the star of david. it said something about not only pittsburgh but the response that came from around the world. it was more than we were saying that we were stronger than hate. we were saying that an attack against one is an attack against all. [applause] mayor freeman-wilson: thank you, mayor bill. earlier today in another session you talked about a club that nobody wants to be in and mayor burke is a member of that club. the club where in citie

other soviet union itself is not without working directly with individuals with influence in czechoslovakia. and with the forces of change and to limit that dialogue and to have access as those who do not have that solution. and dad is the topography of iran. and that these would be taken into account as we face more and more inclusion by the regime and what happened next. that is a recipe for disaster. . >> and to be optimistic. is that a solution? is that what we see now in iran and lasher with the islamic republic and with the people of iraq? and my other question and then that government that was able to. so in the face of opposition? . >> the situation in iran in terms of being revolutionary is suggesting that it's not? . >> i think iran has that confidence with the opposition and with that ringside opposition. >> i think that is first of that oppression. >> that is a sign of complete insecurity. but then to be so confident to die in jail? now to have free access to the internet. and to lose control and i don't have an answer for it. but i think that we are very close that there are so

i forgot to give you the punchline, which is that, what, i bought this accordion from czechoslovakia.st wish i could play it. i'm supposed to make my own accordion? in fact, the logical reduction of protectionism of any sort is, all right, let's protect illinois. erect tariff barriers. all right. chicago. all right, printer's row. all right, my own house and then i'll have plenty of jobs. it's -- so, yes, cooperation. here's another version of that point. you always hear enterprises called -- well, nonprofit enterprises are always identified as being nonprofit, as if there were something virtualous, presumption of virtue unless they're called the heritage foundation. if in nonprofit institutions, but come on, this system of markets is the most altruistic ever designed. people work for each other incessantly. i get very annoyed what's become the current cant about admiring people for their military service, and they do it on msnbc as much as on fox news. thank you for your service. what are you talking about? someone who makes toothbrushes is doing you a service. stop it. >> there is a

the period in the soviet union t dissent without working directly such as the individuals in czechoslovakia it was a direct engagement in the forces of change not only with its regime sent representatives hoping to get answers from those that are part of the problem as opposed to those that can be part of the solutions of these are the areas we need to go beyond just the analysis of where people are today. there are constructive ways and i hope this will be taken in to account by the decisions and how they cope with the decision as we are facing more and more by the regime. it is a recipe for disaster. >> the picture you provided seems very optimistic. why is there a big difference between what we see now and what we saw last year first there are millions of people and on the other hand since last winter it was able to control the printing it has not existed because of this. >> there is a government that is confident. having control of this happening here and there and in the face of the efforts made by the opposition. >> if we begin to see that it is a sign of completeness if its regime we

combined her love of cycling with a world traveller and embarked on a cycling trip including poland, czechoslovakia and hungary. and her brother his. she is also survived by her loving colleagues and friends in northern california throughout the world. the second in memoriam i would like to submit his on behalf of my self and supervisor peskin. we would like to close the meeting in memory of joseph but kelly, a beloved member of the north beach and marina communities. joe died on january 8th. he was a proud, native san franciscan. he attended marina middle school where he met his wife. after attending the college of marin, he began working full-time for the leather manufacturing business. the business started by his italian immigrant father. the company was renamed the kelly belt, and joe along with his parents, built the company into one of the most successful companies in the united states. joe and mary charlie on junior 27th, 1951 at st. vincent of paul church. joe was an integral part of the school and church community, participating club fundraisers such as the themed bazaars and dinner partie

the major declines in that category showed up in eastern europe countries like poland, hungary, czechoslovakia which showed declines in judicial effectiveness, and the opinion of their citizens about the judicial effectiveness in those countries. the other global indicator that declined significantly was trade freedom. i think you all have probably noticed the news about the increase protection and tendencies in the countries around the world, and even here in the united states, and we suddenly picked that up in the index of economic freedom. you can see here the importance of trade. the countries that are judged free in the index of economic freedom both depend on and benefit from trade much more highly than the countries that are unfree or regress. the results of our index have gone up online, and the entire text of the index, all of our databases are online and available at heritage.org/index . we can provide more data if you contact us directly. we are happy to have people use this data. it is freely available and there is not a gateway here or anything like that. we have found over the ye

i spent that summer reporting in poland, czechoslovakia, hungary and romania. in prague i sat in his kitchen, he had just gotten out of prison and was at an argument with his colleagues about whether they should now have the public protest to commemorate the soviet occupation. he argued not and it would only while you supporters his movement had, four months later he was president of trickles of ocular. i spent the summer of 1990 traveling across south africa when he walked out of prison and into history. i traveled throughout the soviet union in 1991 as the country suddenly became alive to change. , this retired army colonel was a 13-year-old who got out of [ null ] germany days before the attacks on jewish businesses and families like his. five years later, he was a soldier in the battle of the bulge, serving in army intelligence unit throughout the end of the war and beyond. in venezuela, the mortal threat to democracy came from the left, the right, the former soldier, hugo chavez rhoden and taser corruption populist campaign to election as president in 1998

directly with movement such as solidarity, such as individual -- such as with individuals in czechoslovakia was a direct engagement with the forces of change. not limited dialogue only with the regime and its representatives. and hoping you can get answers to the problem from people that are part of the problem as opposed to people that can be part of the solution. these are the areas where we need to go beyond just analysis of, you know, topography of iran and where people are today. there is a constructive way and i hope this will be taken into account by decisions that foreign governments are making to how they cope with the situation as they are facing more and more implosion by the regime. however, everybody is holding their breath. what can happen next? if we don't address it, if we don't work the problem, it's a recipe for disaster. let me come back to the role of the foreign countries. the picture you provided about the situation in iran seems very optimistic. i think you portray iran as if iran is in a prerevolution condition. why is the difference within what we see now in iran an

the movement, such as solidarity in poland, such as the individuals such as-- for instance in czechoslovakia or with mandela in south africa, it was direct ingaugement of sources of change. and not only dialog with the representatives. and hoping to get answers from the problem from people who are part of the problem as opposed to those who can be part of the solution. so these are the areas we need to go beyond just analysis of, you know, the topography of iran and where people are today. and i hope that this will be taken into account by decisions that foreign governments are making, how do we cope with the situation as we're facing more and more implosion from the regime. and holding their breath, what can happen next. well, if you don't address it, don't work the problem, it's a recipe for disaster. >> if we come back to the role of the foreign countries. the picture you provided about their existing situation in iran seems very, seems very optimistic. i think you portray iran as if iran is in a pre-revolution condition and there's a difference what we see now in iran and saw in iran las

protesters which and using clubs and hauling them off and he thought for a second that it was in czechoslovakiand the russian army. then he realized it was america. he would wait a minute, his father is a police officer. it looks someone like his dad was beating up someone who looked like him. at that moment he said he became politicized. it had a seismic effect, the coverage of the protest and the chaos. >> let's go to bill and pennsylvania. >> hello. i hope to tell my experience very concisely and then make a comment. in 1968 i graduated from high school. people from that time remember the lottery system that determines whether you would get drafted or not. my lottery number was six which meant that there was very little chance that i would not get drafted. i tried to be a conscious objector, i wrote a letter to the draft board. i said that basically i could not ever imagine killing someone, especially someone that i did not know. i never really got an answer to that letter except they acknowledged they received it. after a couple of years, i was in college, i developed a very severe mental i

. >> there are efforts to rehabilitate efforts like the invasions of afghanistan, hungary and czechoslovakiabut there is a incorporate visual effort over this still. >> the fact that he's going into such detail, it's the opposite of ignorance. this is not an accident. he does not stumble on even to false facts. there's too much detail in there. >> well, he had the meeting in warsaw with putin this summer. no american note taker was present in that meeting. that is something that trump would remember. he's talking about things that putin talks about. >> yeah. it was helsinki, by the way, and you're exactly right. that is -- mika, that is exactly what donald trump would do. and also, it was in "the washington post" last month, i'm sure that either he read it or somebody else read it, but chances are good, again, the in those private conversations, trump is saying i want to get out of afghanistan and putin -- who knows. maybe putin said, well, boy, we had to have there because of terrorism and look what happened to us. >> he's helping him out again. >>> up next, happy friday himself, mike allen

responsible for recruiting agents to go behind the iron curtain to east germany and poland and czechoslovakia. he was part of a big cia program to do that. they almost all got rounded up, they almost all got killed. john mccar ray has written some novels that have predicated those operations. and we don't really know much about that. we don't know much about the people who went or the people who sent them. you learn about that, you learn about the real truth of what happened with the cia in cuba and how that might even have a connection with the assassination of john f. kennedy. so there's a lot of, i think, seminal episodes that this man, ted shackley, was directly involved in on the secret side. so i'm very proud of the book. i think it reads like real life lecarre, which is my goal, and i think it still stands up as a good read today. >> host: when did you decide to write a novel? >> guest: well, that's a good question, when? i mean, i don't remember the moment it happened. i mean, i've always wanted to write novels, and i've always enjoyed fiction, and i've written short stories as well.

he was responsible for recruiting agents to go behind the iron curtain, east germany, poland, czechoslovakia. part of a big -- they all got rounded up and almost all got killed. there have been some novels that predicated on those operations. we don't know much about that, people who went. you learn about that in the real truth of what happened to the cia in cuba and the connection with the assassination of john f. kennedy. there are a lot of seminal episodes. the man directly involved on the secret side. i am proud of the book. it reads like real life le carre which was my goal and still stands up as a good read today. >> host: when did you decide to write a novel? >> guest: good question. i don't remember the moment it happened. i always wanted to write novels and always enjoyed fiction. i have read short stories as well. i grew up loving novels. so in the back of my mind, i had an idea to do it and after spending basically five years, it would take me months and months, and would talk to me. and someone who might know someone who might know someone. and courting them and getting them to t