which would form state owned banks but they are the only one that survived was the banks of north dakota which was founded in one nine hundred nineteen and it's just you know brilliantly well compared to the other states it's the only state that escaped the credit crisis totally they had a budget surplus every year since the credit crisis i mean they've had their biggest budget surpluses ever. they had the lowest unemployment rate in a country the lowest authority on loans. and so. because because in north dakota basically the the profit i mean in banking the banks accounted for thirty four percent of corporate profits last year you know. thirty percent of our total in dust industrial activity appears to be associated with finance sector the bat enormous sucking out of profits in north dakota is actually whatever profit is made by the bank goes right back into the state treasuries that do i have that right exactly and so in that state and a treasury so how devastated self as a credit line with the bank so they can get cheap credit you know the banks the wall street banks can get money fr

melon because because in north dakota basically the the prophet i mean banking the banks accounted for thirty four percent of corporate profits last year you know. thirty percent of our total in dust industrial activity appears to be associate with the finance sector that that enormous sucking out of profits in north dakota is actually whatever profit is made where the bank goes right back into the state treasuries that have that right and so in that state and a treasury. that the state itself has a credit line with the bank so they can get cheap credit you know the banks there while she banks can get money from each other for our miss that big zero point two five percent is the fed funds rate our they get it from the fed. but state local governments are paying five percent or more for for their for borrowing so if you had your own bank you could borrow for free right you know no it wasn't a concern but if you had your own bank and you could borrow for free that you just like go nuts spending the money or the banking the system of banking would become politicized. well yeah that that w

before i even got to north dakota i had people calling me from north dakota wanting me to come out ande. wonderful for me and my family. i have five children and a wife. work here is -- there's a lot of it. i can't say enough about it. >> and how is the adaptation from the arizona lifestyle, which i have to imagine included a certain amount of air-conditioning in the car and in the house to the north dakota lifestyle which i imagine involves a certain amount of home heating. >> well, weather -- you know, the weather ain't too bad. 30 below to 115, ain't too bad. [ laughter ] >> we have no a.c. here. we have nothing but heaters. >> mr. mayor, have you found -- how have you found the sort of transplants if you will from places that are not -- that are climatologicallyç different. i grew up in upstate new york. 30 below sounds familiar to me. >> we celebrate our four seasons here. it's a matter of, you know, having the quality of life and a community i think that draws everybody here. and when you look at the weather, it's actually secondary. you look at the other things that we have in

at the heart of this boom is williston, north dakota. it's a confluence of trucks and noise dÑ dust and bustle. it's a town racing to keep up with the influx of jobs and people. the trucks rumble through like modern buffalo, a stampede that can't be stopped. starting salary for truck drivers, $80,000 a year. you can make $15 an hour at taco john's. in town or in the oil field, if you're willing to work, the money is here. >> you know, there's opportunity here, and that's what we all need is an opportunity. >> u!longtime mayor ward koese says williston is fast becoming hope for job seekers from all 5ñ states. in just five years, its population has doubled to nearly 23,000. >> we'd have 2,000 to 3,000 job openings here and more come on the scene. >> 2,000 to 3,000. >> a lot of jobs get filled every day, but it's like for every job you fill, another job and a half opens up. >> let's all do this together. 18 minus 8. let's count backwards. >> one of those jobs went from grace krogman from colorado. until last august she was a laid off schoo

dakota, excuse me, north dakota alone. what they're finding is truly a stoppering, and transforming to are this country. >> to we're apparently richer -- >> we are. >> canada is -- >> shale. >> yes, but there are other places that haven't been successfully prospected yet. >> part of the trouble with our economy right now is the trade deficit. if we start ex for thing this oil, we could cut down the deficit by hundreds of billions of dollars that. would really help the economy. so i think this is a -- [everyone talking at once] >> game changer. >> maybe -- >> how much are we importing every day? >> something like 12 men barrels. >> where is that going? >> we've become depend only a lot of countries, venezuela, mexico, canada, and the middle east. >> i think 18% of our oil comes from venezuela. >> all right. call me the cynic. i see this as a public relations narrative advanced bithe coal and oil industry. >> ah-hah! >> that feels lying they're losing their -- >> so -- [everyone talking at once] >> this will kill the coal in

a stripe of snow through south dakota, north dakota and minneapolis. a rain and snow mix, maybe an inch of two. the friday forecast, this is a nice typical november forecast around the country. nothing dramatic. we're not going to have severe weather. no big snowstorms. clear on the eastern sea board even with sunshine. wind in the 30s. chicago a little bit better today. dallas you are okay at 68. there's stormy weather in the rockies. traveling to san francisco, two or three days of rain for you. be prepared for that. saturday, as we head through the weekend, chicago could have rain. not a lot. looks like the majority of it is in the northern portions of the plains. sunday, temperatures in the 50s. maybe 60s for areas like d.c. after a very cold friday, sunday looks like the best day of the weekend. if there's going to be a rainy spot sunday, it's from memphis up to tennessee and kentucky. it's a decent november weekend. it's hard to complain. we have been in a nice weather pattern. >> it's nice. crisp. >> good word. >>> angie makes her wall street de

megyn: dakota meyer receiving the medal of honor in september.lives in afghanistan. after he returned home he spent three months working for a defense contractor called bae systems. that was until he complained about bae systems selling top of the line technology to pakistan while u.s. troops got outdated equipment. he decided to leave bae systems an was on the brink of a new job until bae allegedly told the new employer he was mentally unstable and had a drinking problem. now the 23-year-old meyer is suing. dose have a case in let's ask our panel. david, does he have a case? can he go up against bae systems for what he says is defamation for saying these things? he has a drinking problem, he's mentally unstable and on and on it goes. >> if he's mentally unstable i want to be. that man has had some extraordinary accomplishments in his life. and on a scale of 1-10. this an 11. there is no question about it. there is no evidence he has a drinking problem. his family members commented the exact opposite. he's an in control personality. as far as his

this happened on south dakota avenue yesterday afternoon. police say a woman was pumping gas at this station when a man jumped into her suv and took off. but the carjacker apparently discovered the child, ditched the car and the baby just a few blocks away. the child, a 13-month-old girl, is okay and now back with her family. >>> the hunt is on for a suspect who police say kidnapped a 75-year-old man from a giant parking lot and then drove him around for hours forcing the man to take money out of atms. this all started about 2:30 yesterday afternoon in the parking lot of the giant at wheaton plaza. investigators say the victim may have been forced into his car at knife point. they say the suspect released the elderly man after just a few hours and the victim drove himself home to call police. >>> with millions out of work and the economy still struggling. many in our area are counting their blessings this thanksgiving. annual feast of shearing took place at the convention center earlier and it helped feed thousands. matt ackland reports. >>

designs daily take i'll tell you why we all have something to learn from the good people of north dakota and we better study up just. what drives the world the fear mongering used by politicians who makes decisions to break through that sort of being made who can you trust no one who is in view with a global missionary zeal where we had a state controlled capitalism is called fascism when nobody dares to ask we do our t. question more. so sometimes you know what you know and sometimes you know you don't know and sometimes as the firesign theater says everything you know is wrong. you know what you owe me or your right. to make. sure. you're always right. if you stop to take a look at all the turmoil and instability we currently face in the world and felt completely helpless about fixing it have you come to the conclusion that making a difference or making the world a better place is an abstract notion better left to the rich and powerful well fancied yes to either question then everything you know about your power to bring about a transformation in the world is wrong according to world r

how many folks can williston, north dakota, absorb? >> right. i'm ready to answer every one of those questions. >>> and later, on this couch, tina fey. perhaps the leading woman in the entertainment industry in this country. and tina, i'll just put it this way, has had her share of fun with some of us on her show. >> what is that doing here? >> i don't know. i've never met brian williams but his dressing room has to be cleaned up every day between 11:00 and 11:30. that way by the time he gets back from the liquor store it's nice and tidy. >> good evening and welcome to "rock center." you used to hear people say in terms of the massive u.s. economy, when america sneezed the rest of the world got a cold. they don't say that too much anymore. in fact, right now we can't be around anyone sick because we're too highly susceptible to infection. well, tonight we begin with the trouble in greece. and maybe now italy, and how it reaches right into your american retirement account. the greek economy for starters is about the size of washington state. gree

and north dakota it's always been a tough game there.n he did not bapt to seek re-election is he did not feel it was a good match. >> wisconsin fascinates me because it is going to be a presidential battleground. neither side got their a candidate. feels like it is going to be a coin flip. >> virginia, very quickly. this might be the marquee race that isn't in the state of massachusetts. >> you have a democrat leaving, jim webb. you have a democrat who had been governor, tim cane trying to come back. >> former governor. >> yes. it is a battle there. there are democrats who say they really believe they can protect that seat. others who say george allen is fighting it out and that the environment might be in his favor. >> another one where the presidential race might end up deciding who wins that race. >> are you talking massachusetts. >> there are two republican seats that democrats told us six months they would put in play. we said yeah right. it actually looks like they put it in play. >> one of the things we're looking at in terms of m

in north dakota we build a comprehensive energy power -- a policy called empower north dakota.re the fourth largest oil- producing state in the country. we will soon be third. we do not just produce energy from oil and gas, but from renewable fuels as well. we actually reduced the tax burden in our state. we reduced property tax and income tax, which not only help to small businesses and companies that and people in the state, but has attracted a lot of companies and business to our state, and now we are rolling state with a growing population. we're also very aggressive in exports. we work with the companies that export product overseas, and we're one of the best dish- growing states in terms of international trade in the country. there are three examples, but all apply to the federal level. host: how can we really tackled the deficit and reduce spending until we bring all of all budget items on budget? we need to know where we're spending to know where it needs to be cut. guest: i agree. i think she is right. we have to look at all of that, and that is very important. host: t

it happened on south dakota avenue this afternoon. the good news as you saw, the child is okay back with her family. the carjackers still on the run and the area where this went down is apparently no stranger to this type of crime. fox 5's roz plater. >> well, bris in two jurisdictions are looking for the -- police in two jurisdictions are looking for the suspects in this carjacking, but it's not the first time gas stations in that area have been targeted and tonight a victim is calling for change. d.c. police stepping up patrols at gas stations in northeast at a near tragedy unfolded thanksgiving eve. a 13-month-old baby reunited with her family following a terrifying ride. her mother had been pumping gas at this station on south dakota avenue when a man jumped into her suv and took off with the baby inside. the carjacker apparently discovered the child, ditched the car a couple blocks away and escaped. >> the suspect abandoned the vehicle and entered what we believe into an infiniti, green in color, the model g35 that was being driv

and up in north dakota from the floods. and when i was flying over north dakota, had the opportunity with the general and a couple congressmen. and as we're flying over, and it was just cresting. in looking at the damages, the general is explaining how many homes and businesses were damaged. in sort of a side mentioned we've really done a good job and haven't lost any lives and working hard, and we saved the school and did this and did that. later i went and talked to the mayor and governor and police, fire, e.m.s. folks and chiefs and command staffs and a lot of people that had been working on fighting the flood in north dakota for literally -- much longer, but this part of it for two weeks. and sometimes i think we miss things and we forget things. but for total devastation, they did not lose one life. that is incredible. if you can view the damage that happened there. and the reason that is, is because they prepared. they took the time. they were exhausted. but they saved lives. devastating, it will take years to rebuild

a story debuting tonight on "rock center," tonight he gives us just a glimpse of williston, north dakota, where the jobs are. >> reporter: it's a town perhaps unlike any other in america today. everywhere you look, companies are hiring. >> the big issue these days is job creation. we have jobs. we're just a small community. we have 2,000 to 3,000 job openings here and more come on the scene every day. >> reporter: in williston, north dakota, help wanted doesn't even begin to describe it. $15 an hour for fast food workers. $80,000 a year or more if you can turn a wrench or drive a truck. the reason? oil. new technologies are bringing billions of barrels to the surface. and with the oil come jobs of all kinds. grace and miles krugman moved from colorado. after grace, an unemployed teacher for more than a year, found work with the williston schools. >> what was the feeling when they called up and said, yes, we have a job for you? >> i was so excited. it was like -- i don't know how to explain it. i felt like, maybe i am worth something again. >> reporter: her husband miles, a licensed elect

we'll take a live look at this one as well on the inbound side as you pass down dakota avenue. follow police direction to get by. a tractor trailer is involved. we're told only minor injuries right now. hopefully they should have that cleared up shortly. we'll go back over to the map. this accident is on the westbound side of the bay bridge. right now, only the left lane is blocked. they're making progress there. do expect delays as you leave the bridge heading for the bridge span there. we'll update you coming up next at 6:25. andrea and sneak. >> thanks, monika. >> next in sports, remembering the life of boxing great joe frazier. plus which former redskin makes the list of the most hated players in the nfl? >> right now, we want to show some love to our question of the morning. what inanimate object do most of us wind up talking to? is it a, the television. b, the scale. or c, an atm. >> our facebook friends are weighing in a big way. >> it is always a, the television. i'm not proud of the foul language i bestow upon the producers of lame content. our producer says he still l

that is the kind of guy dakota meyer is.oesn't necessarily mean he is the type of guy who follows orders, i met him at dinner a couple weeks ago i guess. he struck me as a pretty blunt, straight shooting guy. jennifer griffin. thank you. jenna: moving onto a different story now. we have new fallout in the syracuse university sex abuse scandal. allegations against assistant basketball coach bernie fine dating back to 2002. syracuse police saying at the time they were unable to make an arrest. we'll talk a little more about this with rick folbaum. rick what do we know? >> reporter: full disclosure off the top i'm a syracuse grad. on over the weekend bernie fine was fired after secretly recorded audiotape seemed to show his wife was aware he was asexually abusing young boys. syracuse police seem to have dropped ball when a detective came request claims in 2002 and was told statute of limitations had expired meaning the police could not investigate. that the claims took place too long ago. police say, all sex abuse claims no lon

, minnesota and sioux north dakota indian business alliances. these alliances collectively have significantly helped elevate the dialogue about the importance of supporting native entrepreneurship and private sector development in indian country k regionally and nationally. because these initiatives are still recent or pending and because good data on tribal business environments and outcomes are lacking, we cannot thoroughly access their efficacy at this time. however, we are monitoring progress and in time will provide feedback on which approaches are associated with improved economic performance and small business development in indian cup. country. in closing, many tribes, native organizations and indian entrepreneurs have been working diligently to meet these challenges, but much remains to be done. with continuing support for native grassroots leadership and appropriate outside assistance, however, i see many more opportunities for tribes and their citizens to further develop the legal and civic institutions that will support small busines

you are from a republican state in north dakota. you won your race with 75% of the vote. colleagues, democrats and republicans, are in much more competitive states, they won with smaller margins, they're up in 2012. what do you say to them as they worry about the little bit political fallout as a compromise that their side may see as insufficient. >> the american people want us to work together. they are saying come together in a bipartisan way and meet these challenges. and that's what i hear every day and that's what we have to do. >> senator john hoeven of north dakota, thanks for joining us. >> thanks, chris. >>> with protesters trying to shut down wall street, we'll get a preview of the markets. that's next. >>> plus, what goes up must come down? an inside look at newt gingrich with two former lawmakers who:6 served with him. does the former speaker have what it takes to be president? >>> but first, today's trivia question. who was the first u.s. governor to have his or her own action figure?ç you can tweet us@dailyrundown. i expect you political youlittp to know th

then, they are trying to build a pipe right now through north dakota,south dakota, nebraska, oklahoma, and texas. if there is one leak in an aquifer, you're done. there is no more water in texas if you have one leak in that aquifer. i mean, it is that bad. their own msds sheet says this kills you if you breathe it in or swallow, and they are about ready to open up the river, the kalamazoo river in michigan, and kids will get in there and oil pops up. i know that for a fact. [no audio] we have videos on youtube. it's online. i'm going around the country trying to tell the word about what's going on there. i need people to tell their friends and to go to youtube and watch the videos. you don't have to believe me. i have documented proof. i have 70 edits videos on there. i put 2200 hours of my free time, sold everything i own to do this, and i am not gaining anything except for losing a $2300 a week job because i report the this. my entire family has not worked since this. anybody that works in the oil industry that's related to me has not worked. this is how powerful they are. this is h

. >> back in north dakota, david shannon's family tried to keep up with all of the shocking informationthe murder, revelations about swinging. now joan was telling them she had become a suspect to which they replied joan? not a chance. >> we tried to play the scenario did joan have a part in it. none of us cap see she could possibly have done that. it is just not in her nature to do that. she can't. >> but brenda did have somebody else in mind. >> now elizabeth, i could see it. >> elizabeth? the shannons' 15-year-old daughter? is it possible she executed her stepfather, the man that raised her, adopted her, provided for her? maybe daze ee and elizabeth were troubled, and when elizabeth hit her teens, watch out. >> david and joan didn't have the tools needed to deal with what those two girls dished out. it was boys, drugs, and violence. if she got angry with somebody, she would destroy something of theirs. >> that was hardly elizabeth's view of things. oh, she conceded she was no angel. she acted out all right, never denied that. but elizabeth always claimed it was the adults that made i

thii is 7 year old dakota pooing with torrie smith affer he ggt an autograph froo him. we're sure dakota is very happy with the outcooe of today's game. 33 3 fox45 viewer jane norris sent us his photo of her dog all decked out in ravens gear and even sporting some purple hair! 3 to send in your purple pride photos....jjst go to faceeook dot com... slash fox baltimore. and hit 'insideefox 45' on the e of yoor ssreen..- puuple llghtt were shiniig for a very different reason vigil sspporting thh fight a againss pancreatic cancer.... but this emotional event.... had toobe mmvvd....all because of the "occupy baltimore" prote. prottstors. 18-32 56-103117-122 in he glow of purple liggts.....amanda kowalii is fighting a for a very peesonal cause.(sot)amanda kowalik41 23 this was myymom when she wws in high school.she lost her mother to pancreatic cancer september 22th.(sot amanda)42 especially pancreatic ancer, - really suffer and it's hard for their families to really watch them decline so i think there is definitely a bond. (nats ffom vigil)it's that pancreatic cancer action

if i were you, i'd get off at south dakota exit as you make your way down the 50.hode island and make your way down capitol street. an accident on the 14th street bridge. it's now clear, but seeing delays as you head into the city. >>> 6:32. we have breaking news in montgomery county. firefighters are investigating a house fire in kensington. it breaks out around 4:00 this morning in the 4000 block of franklin avenue. this is video of the fire taken by a viewer from a nearby high rise apartment. investigators say the home was under construction, and only the framing had been completed. they also say there was no electricity running to the home yet. no injuries have been reported. >>> for the first time since sex abuse allegations rocked penn state, legendary football coach joe paterno will hold a news conference although the focus will be on this week's football game. former defensive coordinator jerry sandusky is accused of molesting eight boys between 1994 and 2009. at least one attack allegedly happened in penn state's shower facilities and was witnessed by anot

bush won the election because by carrying the three states of wyoming, south dakota, and south dakota, he got nine electoral votes whereas al gore by winning new mexico, which has the same total population as the two dakotas and wyoming, only got five electoral vote, and that made all the difference, but that wasn't viewed as anything to be concerned about. one of the astonishing things in the aftermath of the 2000 election is that there was so little date about the -- debate about the electoral college which is another feature of the political system that serves us very, very badly, and i think that one of the reasons it got so little attention is not merely the -- in fact, gallop poles show since 1994, the majority of americans if asked a straight up and down question would replace the electoral college with popular election, but you run into the view that nothing can be done because it is next to impossible to amend the constitution, so that -- have with regard to this presidential season, even if you have proposals to amend the constitution like the 17th amendment or to prohibit s

i thought, well, not a lot of live in north dakota and there's 672,591 residents in north dakota and there's 8,883,740. that's a lot of people compared to north dakota. so i was just wondering, how can that be an economic boom and michigan being second? isn't that kind of like taking michigan look -- making might mn look bad? guest: it sounds like you're citing figures from the census bureau so i'm with you entirely on what you're doing. you know, booms -- boom is a word that has many different definitions. so your citing of those statistics of population differences is right, i assume. and smaller states, one should know, are easier to grow fast. so i point out nevada, which is the last two censuses has been growing at a very, very high rate. but it, too, like north dakota started out with a relatively small population. now, boom also has a definition with regard to job vacancies, openings for jobs. i suspect some of the north dakota articles have to do with that. so that's a different issue with regard to occupational opportunities in states. host: callers, we're seeking stories of

>> marc jacobs, dakota fanning, ad banned for being sexually provocative. >> little dakota in troublely provocative. >> image of the flower. >> a little much. people would say it is artistic. >> okay. all right, anything to sell the ad, right. also, serious news, zsa zsa gabor apparently back in the hospital this morning, actually had a real bad couple months. has a feeding tube in her stomach, bleeding heavily. back in the hospital. certainly keep our eye on that. >> she is 94. >> been through a lot to be that up there in age. >> i am sure she is still fabulous. >> right there in the hospital room. zsa zsa. >> zsa zsa, keep you updated on that. stay tuned. nsurance card, too. re supplement medicare is one of the great things about turning 65, but it doesn't cover everything. in fact, it only pays up to " 80% of your part b expenses. if you're already on or eligible for medicare, call now to find out how an aarp... insured by unitedhealthcare insurance company, not paid by medicare part b. that can save you from paying .up to thousands of dollars... out of your own pocket. these are t

i said i will but you know that your neighbor in north dakota, which was more republican than south dakota is the only place in the country that has a state-owned bank and they've been doing this since the great depression. that's how i got the idea. [laughter] but you get the idea. it doesn't matter whether we were right or wrong. we are talking about how to keep farmers on their land, how to avoid putting our banks in trouble. nobody thought of it. even after the beginning of all of this fiber partisan era in the 80's where i represented the governors or the republican negotiating the welfare reform bill with the ronald reagan white house in '87 and '88 and i went to the signing on the white house lawn and i had a republican counterpart and democratic counterparts and we worked with the committees and the democratic chairman and the republican minority leader and the white house and there was never politics the whole time. we were always talking about how this is going to work and how it will affect people. what will we do? then when president bush was in office, i represented the democr

the republican governor of south dakota called me on the phone and he said, this is unbelievable. wish i would've thought about it. i said it will, but you know that your neighbor in north dakota, which is more republican than south dakota is the only place in the country as a state owned bank and they have been doing this since the great depression and that's how i got the idea. but you get the idea. it doesn't matter whether we are right or wrong. the point is reset her and talked about how to keep farmers on their land, how to avoid putting our banks in trouble. nobody gave a thought of it. and even at the beginning of all this hyper partisan area in the 80s when i represented the governors with the republican in negotiating the welfare reform bill with the reagan white house and 87 in 88 and i went to designing with president reagan on the white house and i had a republican counterpart, we worked with the committees. we worked with the democratic chairman and republican minority leader and we worked with the white house and there was never a of politics and it will time. we're

a storm from wyoming to north dakota, south dakota, minnesota. we're going to have a band of snow. some areas could get three to six inches. the east coast, another sunny day for you. sunday that's the best period of the weekend. temperatures should get back up to 60 degrees. the bottom line for the east coast, it was a quick cooldown. then we are back up near normal. sunday should be a nice day. >> thanks. >>> turning to sports now. we begin with football. the jets and broncos playing a thursday nighter in denver. jets up, 10-3. sanchez going to look for burris. this is not a real good throw. goodman steps in front of it for the interception. 26 yards for the touchdown. taunting sanchez on the way in. giants kick a field goal, a three-point lead. they are up three. tebow gets the ball with 95 yards to go to win the game. 15 yards on the first down. tebow, again, taking the defenders on head. rushing for nine yards. he gets his team down to the jets 20. with just over a minute left to play, there he is. he's the blitz. blows through the defense, powers it in. 95 yard drive. tim teb

and up in north dakota from the floods. and when i was flying over north dakota, had the opportunity with the general and a couple congressmen. and as we're flying

and up in north dakota from the floods. and when i was flying over north dakota, had the opportunity with the general and a couple congressmen. and as we're flying over, and it was just cresting. in looking at the damages, the general is explaining how many homes and businesses were damaged. in sort of a side mentioned we've really done a good job and haven't lost any lives and working hard, and we saved the school and did this and did that. later i went and talked to the mayor and

like north dakota. >> right. >> and other states around the country. >> and colorado and pennsylvaniaping into our drinking water. >> yes. and i am getting complaints from residents all other the country. and one thing that we forget or maybe take for granted is the municipal water system that we have. and we don't realize that some 40 million americans are still on their own well water. that just blows my mind. >> jimmy, you are? >> yep. >> there you go. and we're usually seeing these people impacted first. but fracing takes millions and millions of gallons of water to frac one well. and it takes a lot of chemicals to do it. and those chemicals and the water that they use just gets reinjected back into the auk aquifer, and people on their own well water, it usually pops up there first. and people are very, very frustrated, very concerned about their health, and they're very concerned about the water consumption that we use. we're on the verge of a water crisis in this country anyway. so we have to refigure how it is we're going to utilize the water we've got, not contaminate anymore.