dale fisher. he is the chair of the world health organization's global outbreak lit response network and professional at the national university of singapore. appreciate your time, doctor. let's talk about global concerns. what areas are you most worried about, at the moment, in a global sense? >> thanks, michael. the -- there's turmoil in every country, really. it's -- we could go through every region and every country. there's, obviously, many countries with fragile health systems and -- and -- and vulnerable economies. but we, also, know some of the wealthiest countries have managed the outbreak quite poorly. really, whether you're in africa, south america, the middle east, there's -- there's plenty of issues. europe's trying to live with the virus, and -- and -- and i find that pleasing. opening up their borders and trying to have a new normal. but i do worry that they might have gone a bit fast. >> yeah. sorry. sorry. i didn't mean to interrupt. little bit of a delay there. i did want to ask

earlier i spoke to professor dale fisher who is an infectious disease consultant at the university of organisation's global outbreak and response network. he says it is unlikely any russian vaccine could have gone through the necessary phases of vaccine safety trials. so, phase one is the early first in humans studies, so there has to be a lot of preclinical work obviously first. so phase one might be a first in humans study with less than 100 people where you are reallyjust giving a small dose, may be of a slightly larger dose, and you're just looking for those early safety warning signs if you like. phase two would be some hundreds of people where you again might be looking at antibody responses and things like that, gaining more confidence that this is a safe and effective vaccine. phase three is where you really need more than 10,000 people and some of these studies that you mentioned are looking at 30,000 people and they only started rolling through july. the moderne one only announced its commencing recruitment last week so it's hard to imagine how any other vaccines have done t