we are joined by david titelly, the founding director for solutions to weather and climate risk at penn state university. how did you go from a self-professed, hardcore skeptic about climate change to labeling it with the pre-eminent challenges of our isn't tree? >> thanks very much for having me. this is an important issue. and really what i did was i looked at the evidence about five to 10 years ago, looking at the evidence. when you are driving a navy shi ship, you look at a lot of evidence to figure out where you were, global positioning system. when you take a look at the rising air temperatures, ocean temperatures, sea level, decrease in the arctic ice, how the animal did, how the ecosystems were moving, there is far too much evidence to be able to conclude anything but that the climate is changing. >> when did the military start to think about this as something that the military needed to prfor and getting concerned about climate change in the conflicts? >> about seven years ago, the center for analysis, a board composed of very distinguished three and four star admirals and gene