the difference of fighting the war for independence, fighting a decolonizing war, gave way to the cold war because the had communist orientations and china were supporting them, but the fundamental war was about independence. the domino theory in that way doesn't necessarily signify the ways in which they did with mcnamara or johnson or neck's -- nixon. the other thing, when you get to the other side of it, 1975, the north had won. it seemed as if the communists were victorious. today in vietnam, we have a market economy that looks much like it was in their wildest dreams, the americans hoped would come to fruition in vietnam and never did. that's the reality of vietnamese society today. history has an odd way of moving in directions that people don't necessarily anticipate as time goes by. host: how important was normalization of relations with the united states in vietnam's recent development? dr. bradley: it was important, but we sometimes overestimate the impact of the united states on small states like vietnam and other places. in fact, before -- we had a trade embargo against vie

internationally such as decolonization or movements within the united states that would have them care about human rights violations. but the movement for african-american freedom and against the war in vietnam shaped american thinking about the policies of the government and led many to approach far your approaches to policy. this included not only the lord vietnam south of the 1965 intervention with support for military dictatorship and covert intelligence operations abroad corroded the cold war consensus that privileged containment over other priorities and as the consensus we can long -- weekend they assert himself in the process and use control over appropriations to yield -- wield influence the shows of activists lawyers and religious leaders involved in human rights work on new opportunities to shape foreign policy. the support for human rights was linked to domestic concern civil political and social rights during the 60s. but they are a social movement not just as an inspiration to americans about human rights but also gave license to criticize other countries during the eisenhower years america was aware the race relations left it open to considerable criticism and throu

internationally like decolonization movement in the united states the primes and to care about human rights violations but domestically movements for african american freedoms and against the war in vietnam-shaped thinking about policies of the government and led many to push for new approaches to human rights in us policy and displeasure with this policy including not only the war in vietnam but the 1965 intervention in the dominican republic support for military dictatorships and covert intelligence operations abroad, the cold war consensus privileged anti-communism and containment over other priorities. is this consensus we consumers of congress asserted themselves forcefully in the policymaking process and user control over appropriations to wield influence. this shows how activists, lawyers and religious leaders involved in human rights work seized opportunities to shape foreign policy. support for human rights was closely linked to domestic concerns about civil, political and social rights in the 1960s. social movements were not just an inspiration to americans concerned about human rights but gave license to criticize other countries records. in the eisenhower years ame