deerfield, massachusetts, 1750, had a population of 550 people. 50 of them were enslaved. southernrner island -- rhode island, home to large slave holdings. families who had owned thousands of acres of grasslands, and they had vast herds of cattle on them, they would own large, enslaved labor forces, mostly women, who would process the dairy products from the cow to ship all over the place, but mostly to the west indies. so you see slave holdings in south county, rhode island, of 60 enslaved people. we are talking rivaling plantations we think of in places like virginia. highly localized but nonetheless a significant slaveholding that belies that kind of 4%. the other piece of this, the other way in which i kind of pushback, is going back to that caribbean connection. while there are not large numbers of enslaved people there per se, the entire economy revolved around what historians call the business of slavery. the selling of provisions to the plantations, the transportation of enslaved people throughout the americas, but also the transatlantic slave trade. back to that