louis police chief, sam dotson, once called the ferguson effect. police pull back.e emboldened with small crimes, and they move on to bigger crimes, and black people pay the highest price. the year that mike brown was killed in ferguson, missouri, murders of black people increased 15%. the following year, freddie gray died in the back of a prisoner transport vehicle in the baltimore riot, and that followed with the murders of brach jump -- black men jumping by almost 12%. george floyd was murdered in 2020, murders of black people jumped 32% from the previous year, 43% over the 10-year average. now, overall crime spiked, murders among whites increased 21% during that period. the director of policing and public safety at the initiative, at the manhattan institute says the demonstrations, the anger, the undermining of police by city leadership causes police to pull back, and criminals become emboldened. >> certainly after these large viral incidents, there is a tangible, measurable police pullback. i think that's not even controversial at this point. police maybe uncon