bernanke's doing, he says i see that improving. i'm going to give that extra boost. keep those rates low a bit longer. i think that's going to carry us out of the -- >> dr. siegel, it's josh brown. i'm just curious. a lot of your work revolves around valuation. i know p.e. is not the end all, be all. but there have not been any other secular bear markets prior to this one where we've seen a bottom with a price to earnings multiple of 12 or 13. and i know you must look at the 10-year trailing and say, well, historically at 22 or 23 on a 10-year trailing basis, this has not been a great valuation to first buy in. how do you reconcile that with your bullish viewpoint? >> okay. i mean, two good points. first of all, in terms of, you know, bottoms of p.e. ratios, we've only seen ten and under when interest rates are double digit levels. i mean, that's -- that's a world where, hey, i'll take a 15%, 20% treasury. i'll sell stocks down to seven and eight times earnings. actually, my research, in fact, and others show that when interest rates are not at double digit levels we have an average p.e. ratio of 18 and 19. so it's those double digit interest rates and d