dr. pinker, you say people are less likely to see a violent death than any other point in history. you spend six chapters. give me the cliffsd on many scales of time and magnitude. homicide is down compared to centuries ago. wars are less common and deadly. domestic violence is down. racial minority violence is down. people spank their kids less than they used to. any way you want to measure violence, the trend is downward. >> even when you control for war, that trend has been downward? >> that is right. most dramatically since the end of world war ii. when the most destructive kind of war, when you have two big rich countries fighting each other, has almost disappeared off the map. for most of history, the 800-pound gore wiillas were at other's throats. since 1953, big countries stay out of each other's faces. >> what accounts for the long piece in your book? >> the world is more connected. countries trade with each other and it becomes cheaper to buy things than to plunder them. there is a norm against international war con quequest. if you were a big country, you tried to expand your country. since the united nations, an