dr. clapper, gonzalez, the trend is that developed nations have a lot to learn over struggles in bankinga. what does this mean in america? leora: in the u.s., we are finding that people are harnessing the convenience of their mobile phones to make payments from their accounts. about one quarter of account holders in the u.s. report using an act, whether paypal or a big gap, to make payment -- or a bank app, to make payments to wait from their phone. brendan: are we seeing this replace more cultural forms of saving? leora: absolutely. previously, people were saving under their mattress or in some other unsafe way. increasingly, people are saving with an institution. although there may not be a bank branch in the village, there may be a mom-and-pop merchant that is acting as an agent on behalf of the bank. for example, in africa i met a woman who saved in five of these communities and had rotating savings groups. they expect the poor to steal their money. rather than having it saved in their community, they are moving it to a safer place. brendan: this is a huge story, leora: klapper thank