dr. makary is here now. >> according to good studies by doctors, many tests are completely unnecessary.to get serious about health care costs and if patients are going to get good-quality care, we need to cut the waste in health care, not just pay for it differently. >> so how do you achieve transparency? >> well, there are good metrics now of performance. there are good websites, consumer ratings, hospital compare is a great place where you can go and look up a hospital's performance, their infection rates. soon you'll see their readmission or bounce-back rates. these are useful metrics. and in the next couple of years, we are seeing a transformation of health care, so that it's more transparent and people can look up where to go, just like they would look up a restaurant's ratings before they go to a new restaurant. >> so i have some pretty staggering numbers on health care costs i want to share. nearly $2.6 trillion in 2010. $8,000 a person, the average hospital stay was $18,000. how is it that more transparency can cut down on those costs? because those costs are fixed right? they'r