, spanning almost two billion years of earth history. to a geologist, a layered sequence of sedimentary rocks is a historical record to be read like a book. analyzing these rocks from the base to the top, we're sifting through a wealth of information about conditions at the earth's surface when the sediments were deposited. rock characteristics such as mineral composition, grain size and shape, structures within the rock, and even rock color, tell us a great deal about the climate, vegetation patterns, position of the shoreline, and the topography of the earth's surface in the geologic past. the challenge of sedimentary geology is interpreting these clues in the rocks. but we must first understand how sediment is formed and how it's transformed into solid rock. sediment is the product of mechanical and chemical weathering, and of erosion by wind... water... and ice. biological activity also plays a role. sediment may be deposited in the form of sand building up as a dune... or a beach... as pebbles piling up in a stream... or shells and

the earth will be in its sixth mass extinction. and make no mistake about it the animals and plants that are most heavily hit by mass extinctions are those that are the largest and at the top of the food chain and that means us. we must stop the carbon madness and move worldwide to renewable twenty first century energy sources that is why we produced a short documentary on this topic in a short e-book titled the last hours of humanity warming the world to extinction that you can find at last hours or please check it out and share it with his many friends as possible the future of humanity is steak. and that's the way it is tonight tuesday october eighth two thousand and thirteen day eight of the government shutdown don't forget if you have a question or comment send us your video questions for your take my take segment just grab your phone pointed at yourself it record and e-mail your video question to your take my take at g. mail dot com and don't forget the fate of the world is in your hands get over the last hours doubt or tag y

at eight hundred miles an hour jus east because earth is rotating if you stopped earth and you were in seat belt buckled to the earth you would fall over and roll eight hundred miles an hour due east it would kill everyone on earth people be flying out of windows and that would be a bad day on earth i'm just saying. now if if you if somehow we all slow down to anything not bolted to the earth would would slide due east eight hundred miles an hour that's what happens to you in a car if you hit a brick wall and you're not wearing a seatbelt you keep going that's why you get hurt in those kinds of accidents as if somehow we all slow down with the earth then ok that's fine i mean people think will somehow be weightless or a loser atmosphere no it's just that you have really long days and ski boot one as was the thing that has surprised you most in the physics world in the physics world i'm surprised. can i give a cop out answer there i'm surprised that the united states could lead the world in particle physics for most of the twentieth century and then just abandon that leadership and n

well if earth is just one of the planets and earth has life maybe other planets of life think about it once you realize that earth is one of many it opens up a whole world of questioning and he said if that's the case then and if all these lights in the night sky are signs just like our sun then maybe they all have planets then maybe the whole universe is teeming with life that got him into trouble because back then religious philosophies did not allow the universe to contain any kind of intelligence beyond what god would have court can here on earth and in astrophysics is the religious of course any i think religion is has been with us since we came out of the jungle the darling even a judge a mental god someone hovering over those if you look at the numbers i just tell you the numbers the numbers that scientists on average are less religious than the population ok but that number is not zero so then you ask well what does it mean for them to be religious i tell you this if they're active contributing scientists they're not running around telling you that the universe was made in s

forests the earth's oceans the planked on all the organisms that.absorb carbon dioxide produce oxygen can't cope and then you got to the tipping point what role might the meth melting of the methane in the siberian permafrost or perhaps the methane hydrate under the sea play in pushing us toward a tipping point in the modern era. yes that's part of what would be called positive feedback we're normally hoping for negative feedback meaning that c o two goes up plants absorb more of it and produce more oxygen and bring the level down again but of course one of the consequences of warming is we know for sure that the amount of methane released from the tundra particular siberian tundra is rising now of course. how far that goes we don't know when the tipping point comes we don't know but this is a positive feedback because you have a situation of warming the atmosphere by half a degree or one degree and that melts the ice and it produces methane which itself is a powerful greenhouse gas much more so than c o two and that adds to the effect and so someti

[makes sounds] ...hits the earth. and so the earth warms up. but the earth reradiates that energy back out. but what frequency: high or low? low. why low? because the temperature of the earth is like this. and so the frequency of radiation that's emitted is like that. that's way down below the threshold of the red in the color spectrum. we call it below red. in a physics class, you'd never say below red. in a physics class, you'd say what, gang? infrared. so it turns out the sun emits visible light, high frequency, and the earth emits infrared, low frequency. now it turns out different things, different materials are transparent to different wavebands or frequency bands. it turns out the atmosphere of the earth is transparent, very, very nicely to visible light. of course, it is. you can look up and see the sun and the stars right through it. we have a transparent atmosphere for light, high frequencies. it turns out the atmosphere, especially if it has little water vapor in it, is terrible--is a terrible-- well, not terrible but it's a much les

if something this size hit the earth, it would be devastating. asteroids are composed mostly of rock; comets- ice and dust. they come in all shapes and sizes. some look like small planets; others, giant dog-bones. for a long time, nobody thought they were worth tracking at all. >> mainzer: it wasn't thought that they really did hit the earth. astronomers debated for a long time about the nature of the craters on the moon, and they thought that the craters on the moon were volcanic. >> mainzer: possibly, yeah. and it's only been fairly recently, within, you know, the last 50 years or so, that the field has really recognized that, yeah, impacts actually do happen. and not only do they happen on geological time scales, you know, millions and billions of years, but on human time scales, in some cases. >> cooper: the last major asteroid to collide with earth hit in 1908, in the tunguska region of siberia. it's believed to have been 40 yards wide and to have exploded in the air like a nuclear bomb, leveling 80 million trees in an area the size of metro

the earth was one of many celestial bodies, all of which obeyed the same impartial laws.t the same time europeans learned of that revelation, the discovery the americas and the exploration of the far east revealed that europe wasn't the center of the world. inhis time of spiritual crisis provoked by the explosion of knowledge, artists sought new ways of seeing and understanding. the out-thrust left arm of the disciple startled and astonished its first viewers in 1600. it breaks into the space in which we stand. the naturalism of this painting of christ at emmaus by michelangelo merisi, known as caravaggio, was unprecedented. its intention is to convince us we're participants in this astonishing event, god's presence in the flesh. we may no longer regard the earth as unique, caravaggio seems to be saying, but god has dwelt amongst us. divinity and sanctity are to be found in our midst. caravaggio went out into rome's streets and put people he found there in his paintings. he came to rome from northern italy in the last decade of the 16th century. a strange, violent, driven

so what is the carrying capacity in your opinion of the earth. in terms of it seems to be less then what we are right now again as a journalist i don't know pine in these things i try to talk to the experts and one way of looking at it is let's look at some of the reasons why our population increase there's really two medical improvements and. food technology we just talked about part of it the other part probably the most important invention in history was the invention of artificial nitrogen fertilizer. which just put it this way forty percent of us would not be on this planet without it because if we now can create much more plant life than nature was able to create. there were only a few plants really that could fix nitrogen in the soil before but now. we can do it almost infinitely except it's made out of fossil fuels takes fossil fuels to make the. for the energy to make it and there's a downside to fertilise eating oil a process emitting carbon dioxide yeah we all know it's so. at a certain point we run into these limits and. it proved to

just 50 years ago, two billion people lived on earth. today our global population has reached five billion. within the next generation, it will double once more. our exponential growth now threatens the very resources that sustain life. the abandoned ruins of ancient societies hold clues to our survival. but to learn from our past, we must discard a romantic image of these earlier and more simple societies. archaeologist william sanders. a commonly held notion among the public at large and also among some of my anthropological colleagues is that non-western peoples live in harmony with nature, that they have relatively stable environmental relationships. what archaeology teaches us is that that's not true. keach: in the new world, human beings appeared for the first time more than 10,000 years before the birth of christ. over the millennia, grand city-states emerged in the tropics of mexico, guatemala and honduras. this is the realm of the ancient maya. they built magnificent cities and peopled them with the portraits of their kings. the

it's hard to imagine earth without life we take life for granted but life has not always flourished. recognize that voice well if you're an avid r.t. america viewer you should big picture host tom hartman is a man behind the documentary it's called the last hour and it takes a different look at global warming or at least one that is less popularized is a ten minute film so short sweet to the point definitely worth a watch tom hartman joined me just a short time ago to talk about his new project and we started off by speaking about the permian mass extinction which is the period of time when the dinosaurs died the facts behind that mass die off play a major role in this film so i asked tom why we in the twenty first century should be so worried about an event that happened over two hundred fifty million years ago les it. well the mass extinction first of all is the worst of the five mass explain extinctions that the planet has experienced ninety five ninety six percent of all life on earth vanished all five extinctions involve the crust of the earth being punctured and and greenhouse

and while that's not quite space that starts at sixty two miles above earth the plan requires approval from the federal aviation administration now the company will begin demonstration test flights this year and they anticipate having the commercial flight operations up and running by twenty sixteen but you are round trip flight would go up about a thousand feet a minute and after hitting an altitude of one thousand miles the balloon would then it come back down to earth which would take approximately forty minutes give or take and the capsule interior will be room enough for eight passengers to walk around and even get a drink onboard as an onboard bar now i turn to bob bob would you pay seventy five thousand dollars for a two hour balloon ride one thousand miles away from earth because personally you couldn't pay me seventy five thousand dollars for a two hour bill and i'm well thank you miles away from earth i guess if i wanted to be an early adopter and i had seventy five thousand dollars to spend on my do it you can ask me when i mean because if the whole point is to be an early a

but the problem is getting it back to earth. you got to send up a rocket big enough to bring the back and land on earth. if we just send up a little sequencing device, if there's life there, we sequence the dna and send it back. >> rose: do we have the power to do that now. >> absolutely, yes. >> rose: so we can do it. >> that's what these new tests are going to be. it isn't a matter of just shrinking down the devices but the technology is all there to make it happen. >> rose: have you seen the movie gravity. >> i haven't seen it yet. i've been told it's worth seeing. >> rose: a brilliant young filmmaker too and sandra bullok and george clooney. scientists finds something wrong with you but it1> yes. >> rose: he surprised us before. >> i think it's very likely and it's not hard to achieve. but our technology would be the most important thing they have for supporting the colony there. because we can send up new biology, not in a rocketship but as an electromagnetic wave.

volcanic lava flow in siberia produced a six degree warming celsius of the earth and that was enough to warm the oceans six degrees which was enough to melt the hundreds of thousands of billions of tons of methane methane clathrates methane hydrate that is frozen that is a lattice kind of slurry like a snow cone thing at the bottom of the oceans to melt that so it went into the atmosphere this methane is one hundred times more potent in carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas so this sudden eruption of methane into the atmosphere then doubled the rate of global warming and that killed off all the life on earth and so . you know what we're what we're pointed out right now is that that methane is down there again it's still there and you know we need to. be very careful that we don't warm this planet up enough that the methane starts coming up and it's already starting to come out from the siberian tiger right now and of all the different documentaries that i've watched that others have watched about global warming very few actually mention that methane that's on the bottom of the ocean why

it doubled the rate of global warming and that killed off all life on earth. what we are pointing out right now is that methane is down there again. it is still there. we need to be very careful. it is already starting to come out. >> of all of the different documentaries i have watched about global warming, very few mentioned that methane on the bottom of the ocean. why is this one of the first times? >> this is a follow-on to your last question. we just discovered this. there is a huge -- debate is the wrong word. nobody knows how much carbon is out there. the range for carbon in the form of methane is anywhere from 3 trillion tons -- the amount in the arctic is pretty closely 2.5 trillion tons. the carbon arctic reserve experiment that nasa is doing right now, we had one of their scientist in the video and he was talking about how there are 40 billion tons of carbon that will be activated. and then you get that positive feedback, which five times in the past, it has produced a massive extinction. >> is mass extinctions happen like this without humans contri

you're sitting on the earth as you just. so you want to bora-bora this to send you a postcard senator thank you from space but moving right along twitter they're flying pretty high right now as well at least in the teen market according to a paper jaffery teen report twitter has overtaken facebook as the social media network most important to teens now twenty check out this chart twenty six percent of teens named it as their most important social site while only twenty three percent said facebook was most important and it looks like instagram has rocketed in popularity as well on issues like facebook's maneuvering to acquire instagram an effort against losing younger viewers with a spot on the no yes i look like they're separated out of the story but yes there was a good move by facebook another story i recently read and this relates to the twitter i.p.o. going forward to is that facebook has tons of patents twitter has very few so that protects the name brand there is there are accusations of you know patent trolls people w

if something this size hit the earth, it would be devastating. cooper: asteroids are

we have found planets that are maybe close to the size of the earth, and with an atmosphere to earth, not quite. so we still have to find those planets that are just right. >> derrick, we're going to have >>> welcome to al jazeera america. i'm del walters. these are the stories that we are following for you. delayed by the shutdown, those unemployment numbers are finally released. >>> international leaders are gathered to try to find a path to peace in syria. >>> and a nevada middle school dealing with a deadly shooting. ♪ >>> it is 18 days late and on a tuesday, but the labor department finally releasing the september jobs report in october. the une

, venus, earth and mars!nly keep you two warm. thanks. i hope we find the next planet soon! (gasping) i think it found us! wow! nick: awesome. (camera clicking) planet jupiter. wow! jupiter's giant! cat: it's the biggest planet out here. look for the biggest ball to put back! found it! mercury, venus, earth, mars and now jupiter. wait till you see which planet is next! all: yahoo! whoa! sally: we found a space rainbow! oh, wait! it's not a space rainbow. it's colorful rings going around another planet! all: whee! (laughing) this planet with rings is one of my favorite things. what's its name? let's see! (camera clicking) planet saturn. look for a ball with colorful rings, nick. this must be saturn. what a jewel! let's zoomamazoodle! all: yahoo! wow, sally. we've named six planets. there are only two planets left. but which one goes where? you look for another planet with rings and i'll look for one that's greeny blue. over there! a planet with rings. only they go up and down! look. there's a greeny blue plane

three earths. >> we dofnl don't know how deeps or what it does. we are going to learn more about the planet in general. >> and as i understand juneau is going to self destruct after the mission. >> after it does 33 orbits of the planet and maps it completely with it's instrumenttioinstrumenttion it e sense to get it back. it's kind of a beautiful thing in a way. >> it sounds dramatic, jake. give us some idea how this mission com compares to other se missions. >> this is one. most coplmost complicated and cn incredible amount of space. earth based tel telescopes likee have here in california can pick up jupiter. it's a reminder of how incredibly close it is. the technology used on the spacecraft is frozen in time see sensely. sensely -- essentially. i have in my pocket a i phone and no one is using these anymore the ground crew has to use the technology the entire time and use it to tip it into orbit. >> jake, standby for a second. we have another interesting story about outer space coming up. it started out as a middle-school science experiment in

yes, i am alone on earth. i have always been alone. but france is alone, and god is alone, and what is my loneliness before the loneliness of my country and my god? i see now that the loneliness of god is his strength. what would he be if he listened to your jealous little counsels? well, my loneliness shall be my strength too. it is better to be alone with god. his friendship will not fail me, nor his counsel, nor his love. in his strength, i will dare and dare and dare until i die. i will go out now to the common people, and let the love in their eyes comfort me for the hate in yours. you will all be glad to see me burned, but if i go through the fire i will go through it to their hearts forever and ever. and so, god be with me. [commotion] as god is my judge, if she fell in the loire i would jump in in full armor to fish her out. but if she plays the fool at compiegne and gets caught, i must leave to her doom. then you had better chain me up, for i could follow her to hell when the spirit rises in her like that. she disturbs my judg

right now he roams the earth and roams the atmosphere. what's his destiny? he controls everything in heavens one and two. now when the tribulation comes under the antichrist the bible teaches that he is cast down to the earth with his hoards and the knows he's going to have short time and all hell breaks loose because he's here on terra firma and that's revelation 12:7. then during the millennium in revelation 20:2, he is cast into the bottomless pit with his demonic spirits so they can't infiltrate anyone's minds for that 1000 years. but at the end of the one thousand year's he's released and all bedlam again breaks loose on the earth. and so finally after the thousand years the lord jesus, in revelation 20:10, casts satan and his angels into the lake of fire where the beasts, the antichrist and the false prophet, are. that's the story. whew, that's the story. we need to be so careful who we follow. don't follow satan. how far-reaching is satan's influence anyway? now you know jack, when he gets on a topic he does a lot of research and he came across a book

welcome to the happiest place -- >> on earth. >> on earth. >> there we go. >> smoked eel.kled herring. these tiny little shrimps, one of the few seasonal offerings that danes look forward to. our eating traditions aren't that big here. historically, we've eaten for survival. it was fuel to us. >> not exactly the most fun bunch. it was sinful to take too much pleasure in food. you're sitting at the table, like oh, my god, that's so good. it's delicious. you're already going down a slippery slope of who knows what other kinds of behaviors. >> my father is an immigrant here. i'm not even a full dane. >> your father was -- >> the former yugoslavia. >> and left yugoslavia at what age? >> 14. people make fun of me when i say i've never driven a car. i never had a coca-cola until i was, like, 17. it just wasn't in a small little village where there's two cars. the first food i have is also from there, and it was my father. and the day before we had been into the mountain picking chestnuts. and i remember it so vividly as a little child, i saw my father roasting chestnuts. and the

we have found planets that are maybe close to the size of the earth, and with an atmosphere to earth,ut not quite. so we still have to find those planets that are just right. >> derrick, we're going to have >>> shots fired. sparks middle school. 275. >> chaos at a nevada middle school as a student opens fire killing a teacher and shooting two children before taking his own life. now police are trying to determine if bullying was a motive. the trains are rolling again in the bay area after six months of talks and two rail shutdowns. bart workers have agreed to ideal to head back to work. >> nobody is matter than me about the fact that the website isn't working as well as it should. >> president obama vow to his iron out the kinks that have plagued the federal health care website saying there are no excuse for his the g

plus an asteroid missed the earth a few weeks ago but it may be coming back. it didn't seem we had any idea that it was even there. are we ready? and guaranteed 1-second trades. and at the center of it all is a surprisingly low price -- just $7.95. in fact, fidelity gives you lower trade commissions than schwab, td ameritrade, and etrade. i'm monica santiago of fidelity investments, and low fees and commissions are another reason serious investors are choosing fidelity. now get 200 free trades when you open an account. it guides you to a number it guides you to a number that will change your life: your sleep number setting. it even knows you by name. now it's easier than ever to experience deep, restful sleep with the sleep number bed's dualair technology. at the touch of a button, the sleep number bed adjusts to each person's ideal comfort and support. and you'll only find it at a sleep number store. where right now our newest innovations are available with 36-month financing. sleep number. comfort individualized. >>> our fourth story "outfront." a man turned

we have found planets that are maybe close to the size of the earth, and with an atmosphere to earth, not quite. so we still have to find those planets that are just right. >> derrick, we're going to have to leave it there. fascinating. we really appreciate you joining us tonight. the show is ever, but the conversation continues on our website. aljazeera.com. we'll see you soon. >>> good evening, everyone, welcome to al jazeera america. i'm john siegenthaler in new york. >> there's no sugar coating it. the website has been too slow. people have been getting suck during the application process, and i think it's fair to say that nobody is more frustrated by that than i am. >> president obama says tech experts are now working around the clock trying to repair the affordable care website. >>> searching for a motive a 12 year old student kills his teacher, and wounds two students at a nevada middle

earth. earth six months later. it turns out the earth-- see how we have it here? the earth is tipped. this is the polar axis going through here. so the earth is tipped, okay? so that tip is about 23 1/2 degrees. that tip remains constant all around the sun. so over here--just like that, about 23 1/2 degree tipped like this. okay. and six months later, the tip is the same. it has the same angle when i'm here as over here, rotating about the same axis. that's our daily axis. every day, how long does it take for this to turn in one time? one time. one time, one time per day. we know that, right? so--but these are six months apart. here's the equator. the equator. there's the sun. this is not the scale. but i'm gonna label one of these, june or december? if one is june, so the other is december. and you guys, look and see which one he gonna put down june and which one he gonna put down december. check with the neighbor and see what neighbor say. okay, gang, what did you pick? how many say this should december? how many say this should be june? yehey, the whole class.

it's hard to imagine earth without life we take life for granted but life has not always flourished here. the earth has experienced dramatic loss of life or what we call mass extinction five times over the course of geologic history each one of these events as a result in the loss of more than half of all life on earth today a sixth extinction is underway one that will test the survival of not just human civilization but possibly of the human species itself and it bears a horrifying resemblance to several previous global warming driven events like the permian mass extinction i think so back in one thousand nine hundred five they didn't even know for sure what caused the permian mass extinction they were still debating late eighty's they're still debating the k.t. extinction that killed off the dinosaurs now the science is in these every every single one of the five mass extinctions in the history the world was precipitated by global warming by massive amounts of carbon dioxide being put in the atmosphere in each case by the earth's crust being cracked open and the k.t. want to was being

we have two coming near the earth in november. >> oh, my goodness.ied should we be about that? >> we should be worried because we don't know what to do as a nation and as a world. we can't get insurance on the planet, and the only insurance on the planet is to be able to do something. >> when we say do something, what are we talking about, trying to target it, trying to break it, we are talking about stuff that's so incredibly heavy and dense, we really can't even do that. >> it is probably a rubble pile, a pile of rocks that are sort of loosely attached to each other, and this is not a bruce willis movie. to break it into pieces, you still have to worry about the pieces. it is about a quarter mile in diameter. in december had a rock come just as close, three miles long, would fit nicely in central park in new york city. >> if you talk about the asteroid that already graced the earth while the government was shutdown for 16 days, and if we're talking about it doing it again or potentially hitting earth by 2013, some experts say that it would have the

trade organization has acknowledged claims by japan and other countries that china's exports of rare-earth metals are restricted and violate its rules. japan, the united states and the european union filed a complaint in june last year saying china's export control is against w.t.o. rules. china accounts for more than 90% of the global output of rare earth metals used to make high-tech products like smartphones. the country has said it's been limiting exports to protect the resource and the environment. sources now say the w.t.o. is in broad agreement with the claims by japan and other countries. the organization has put an interim report together to advise china to correct the situation. the w.t.o. is expected to publish a final report in december after hearing from china and other parties involved. >>> the biggest celebration of work of movie directors. the curtain has come down on the tokyo international film festival. audiences watch 300 movies over nine days to a coming of age story from sweden. celebrities gathered at a tokyo cinema for the closing ceremony. directors entered over 1,

." >> a fiery call erupts in a scary scene that is -- >> the power of mother earth scary. >> bright night on the freeway in a chase reaching speeds of -- >> 109 miles an hour. >> the mom things go from fast to furious. a woman drives to save a poster of high winds. plus, forget halloween candy. we're giving out flat screen tvs and we've got the buzz word for your chance to win. and it's a modern ghost story. get ready for -- >> the scariest video. >> you're going to find out what's under that bed. >>> there's halloween scary and then there's the power of mother earth scary. up are lo you are looking at the first moment of the eruption of this volca volcano. >> that is such a cool shot. >> again, this is in far east russia. you never know how the weather will going to react around volcanos. >> it makes it even more interesting that it's wintry weather outside. you think it should be hot. >> you see this stream of hot lava in the background. >> that's steam on the snow. >> looks like somebody took a really big red sparkler and stuck it in the mountain. this video is shot by a man who goes v

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welcome to the happiest place on earth. >> on earth. there we go. >> no ice. smoked eel.ed herring. these tiny little shrimps, it's one of the few seasonal offerings that danes look forward to. our eating traditions are not that big here. historically we've eaten for survival. >> lutherans were not exactly the most fun bunch. it was sinful to take too much pleasure in food. sitting at the table like oh, my god, that's so good. that's delicious. you're already going down the slippery slope of who knows what other kinds of behaviors. >> you know, my father's aim grant here. i'm not even full dane. >> your father was macedonian? >> yes. under form of yugoslavia? >> you left yugoslavia at what age? >> 14. people make fun of me when i say i've never driven a car. but i never had a koekcoca-cola until i was 17. >> the first food memory i have is also from there. it was my father. and the day before we'd been to the mon tan picking chestnuts. and i remember so vividly as a little child i woke up and i saw my father was roasting chestnuts. then i started hearing all these things