it is like earth. narrator: hoffman is seeking answers to how the earth entered this snowball and, more important for us, how it returned to warmer conditions and has maintained a stable and moderate climate. both of these scientists look to the deep past for clues to the present, enriching our understanding of the one place we know in the universe where life flourishes -- eah's inedlerr of difntnima a ps, earth, the hitable planet. including humans, is relatively new to this planet. fossils contained in the earth's vast rock record show that the first animals emerged around 600 million years ago -- a mere 15% of earth's 4.5-billion-year history. it's likely that simple, single-celled organisms ruled alone for approximately 3 billion years. the same rocks that document this evolution of life ovide information about earth's physical environment, clues to how earth managed to change from an alien world of simple microorganisms to a planet filled with complex life. andy knoll studies the early period of l

and perhaps new knowledge of the earth as well.

in that regard earth's gravity is dead because an earth causer will swing layout and because of earth's gravity it will come back and cross our path again. the deal is as you know is that all things being equal every time it comes by it comes like closer. earth's gravity will tend to do that. >> host: i understand. it's going to come back to earth's orbit but how does it know that earth is there? >> guest: i don't know. [laughter] but the chances are it will keep getting closer and that's the problem. >> i don't understand that one. we will let that one go. so what about all these mitigation techniques? what about three stages depending on how big a thing as and how close it is to hitting earth? wanting to tell us a little more about those plans were those proposals. >> guest: that's the standard plan and again it depends totally on seeing this thing at least two decades and hopefully more before it gets here. once it has been spotted and tracked and it has been determined that it's a potential impact or then you want to try to nudge it off course at a very long distance event long dist

the moon has only 1/6th the gravity of earth.nature of its surface is still unknown. >> i'm going to step off now. >> that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. >> once on the surface, armstrong scoops up a small sample of lunar dust and rock, precautioning against the possibility of an emergency take off. according to plan, astronaut aldrin ascend from the vehicle. his equipment would way 333 pounds on earth, here they way about 6 pounds. ♪ for a brief moment the first men on the moon stand and look at the stark, lonely landscape around them, an experience which no one before them can share. but there is much to be done in the limited time in which they can stand on this airless, cloudless satellite of earth. this sheet of metal foil traps and holds particles from the sun, the solar wind or barrage of solar energy which constantly strikes the moon's surface. results of this experiment will be taken back to earth to reveal new secrets to anxious scientists. an american flag is left behind on the moon, together wit

she said it was as if someone had taken a world blue crayon and drawn a line around the earth earth. sometimes she change the metaphor. she would say that line is as thin as the fuzz on a tennis ball or she would say it was the earth's space suit. that's our atmosphere. that's only thing that is protecting us from the harsh reality of outer space. without the atmosphere amount of us would be here. we could not survive. that's when she began to understand the fragility of the planet we live on and directed a huge amount of her life towards getting science and government and children interested in doing something about protecting the earth. that was just the beginning of sally's contributions to the planet and to nasa. after the challenger explosion cease served on the rogers commission which investigated that and as it turns out became the source. i did not know this until i found this while researching the book. she was the source, an early source of the critical revelation about the o. rings and their contribution to the accident and also to the flood management decisions that were

what is the value of the earth? well, it's infinite because if we destroy the earth's environment, there is no plan "b." there is no planet "b" that we can go to. how do you put a cost, you know, on the health of the environment? arguably you can't even do so. and in fact, it's that principle, that it's an infinite cost, when we start talking about those sorts of scenarios that leads some people to conclude that the precautionary principle applies here, that the potential impact of what we're doing is so potentially harmful to us, to other living things, to the planet that it's almost obvious that we need to mitigate this problem, that we need to take actions now to avert those catastrophic futures, potential futures. >> many people believe that truth will prevail over time. but do we have enough time left? >> so there's an urgency to this problem now unlike any time in the past. and there is still time to avert catastrophe. that's the good news. the bad news is there isn't a whole lot of time. and what it means is

it's just that the earth is curving under. let me give you a fact that a geography teacher can tell you about. if you go out 8 kilometers, that's 8,000 meters this way, you'll find out there is a five meter vertical drop. you will be 5 meters higher than you were over here. we live in a world that for every 8 kilometers you go out, tangent-wise, there's a 5 meter drop. that's all i'm saying. but that 5 meters turns out to be interesting, because we've learned something about 5 meters, gang, haven't we? what have we learned about 5 meters? let's suppose we take this laser, throw it away and we put a cannon, a cannon, newton's cannon. we'll put it right here and we fire a cannonball. is that cannonball gonna follow that straight, straight path? the answer begins with an n. hc? how come? because it's not beginning with a g. don't understand it very well but we have it a little bit together. what is it called? - gravity. - gravity. gravity is gonna pull which way, up or down? - down. - down. watch. let's suppose i fired the cannon

kepler 186-f only 10% larger than the earth and only 490 light years today. the planet survey satellite which will launch in 2017 and james webb space telescope launching in 2018 will help scientists discover more planets with potential bio signatures. the united states has pioneered the field of astrobiology and continues to lead the world in this type of research. is a example of professional papers published published in se magazine between 1995 and 2013 illustrates the significant growth and growing popularity of the field of astrobiology. between 1995 and 2012, the numbers of papers published on astrobiology increased 10 times and number of scientific reports that cited astrobiology increased 25 times. astrobiology is a serious subject studied by serious scientists around the world. reflecting this interest next september the library of congress and nasa will hold a two-day astrobiology symposium on what the society al impacts could be of finding microbial, complex or intelligent life in the universe. whether life exists on other planets in the universe

level politician from edgy country to publicly state that there is extraterrestrial life present on earth is this an elaborate fantasy our alley in science fiction or a star or something to claims of their existence. for ages humanity has wondered is there anything else in the cold darkness of space skeptics say there is no proof but there have always been those who did to dream and some even cling to those seen things. exist already. do they pose a threat. honorable paul halley or a former minister of defense of canada and he believes that live forums from space exist and are present on earth it's great to have you with us on our show why do you say that u.f.o.'s are as real as airplanes flying over our heads. because i know that they are live in as a matter of fact. they've been visiting our planet for thousands of years and one of the cases that would interest you most of your good nature is the minister answer is during the cold war nineteen sixty one there were about fifty u.f.o.'s information flying south from russia to the across europe and the supreme allied commander was very con

it is generally a cold time in terms of the earth's history. why are there 300 million people in the united states and only 30 million people in canada? one word, cold. [laughter] sometimes i think that's why you et us have it. you saw this graph yesterday in a different format. 600 million years since modern light emerged. it shows very clearly there's no lock step correlation between co 2 and global temperature. at times they seem to be moving in similar direction. in other words, there seems to be correlation sometimes but as you know, correlation doesn't prove causation and you need to see a lot more of a lost relationship. it seems that temperatures bounded on the top and bottom probably got a lot of feedback forces that are creating a maximum and minimum and we're in one of those minimums right now. it shows right there for example that now it's 14.5 c and co 2 is about 400. over the last 600 million years has been around 2,000. about four to five times higher than it is today. that's why grean house growers purposely put the exhaust from

stilg awake after the earth wake. we're hearing it was felt wides. -- >>reporter: if there's damage like you see here there's a serious issue. if a fridge feeling trying to have a little fun with it. we welcome you to join the conference. also on twitter. we're following all the developments on kron 4.com if you do have to leave your tv follow us on your mobile app. >> thank you very much. turn now to have ness sa. can you el us a bit about the injuries that have been sustained because the earth quake>>reporter: we're see a large number of -- we are -- >> any major injuries. is the it the lacerations or abraugs that you mentioned pm>>reporter: we had a hip fracture. >> dweelg young irpatients. >>reporter: all ages. >> can you untils about the plan that goes into affect when an earth quake of this magnitude strikes. i would guess the queen valley medical center taking people for emergency care. >>reporter: we are the level three trauma center. we drill and train for this type of an event or a similar event throughout t

and that image that she saw of earth with the atmosphere totally changed to life. she said it was as if someone had taken no royal blue crayon and drawn a line around the earth. sometimes she changed the metaphor to say that line is as thin as the faa's on the tennis ball or it was the earth's spacesuit. and that is our atmosphere, the only thing protecting us from the harsh reality of our space. without that atmosphere none of us would be here. we could not survive. that is when she began to understand the fragility of the planet we live on and directed a huge amount of her life toward giving science and government and children interested in doing something about protecting the errors. that was just the beginning of her contribution to the planet and to nasa. after the challenger explosion she served on the rogers commission which investigated that. as it turns out, she became the source, an early source of the critical revelation about the o-rings and their contribution to the accident and also to the flawed management decisions that were made. nasa essentially s

it is generally a cold time in terms of the earth's history. why are there 300 million people in the united states and only 30 million people in canada? one word. cold. [laughter] sometimes i think that is why they let us have it. [laughter] you saw this graph yesterday in a different format. it is the most recent. 600 million years since modern life emerged during the cambrian explosion. it shows is laid that there is no lockstep correlation between co2 and global temperatures. at times, they seem to be moving in similar direction. there seems to be correlations sometimes, but as you know, correlation does not prove causation. and you need to see more of a lockstep relationship. temperatures bounded on the top and the bottom probably got a lot of feedback forces that are creating a maximum and minimum and we are in one of those minimums right now. it shows right there, for example. now it is 14.5. co2 is about 400. the average over the last 600 million years has been around 2000, which coincidentally, is the optimum co2 level for plant growth.

the astronauts have now truly left the earth and its gravity.elecast, we have fixed the television turned apollo 8 so it faces the earth. here is communications coming through. >> you're seeing the atmosphere, i can see the southwestern part of the united states and it appears now that the east coast is cloudy. >> apollo 8 around christmas 1968 showed us the creators of the moon, then showed us the earth at the same time. they spoke to us and read the book of genesis. >> the waters under the heavens be together in one place and let the dry land appear in of itself and god called the dry land earth and gathering together of the waters calling, god saw that it was good. and from the crew of apollo 8 merry christmas and god bless all of you, all of you on the good earth. >> the far side of the moon and the earth rise for the first time seen by human eyes and the television broadcast from orbit of the moon on christmas eve, holy smokes, who wrote that? who is the genius that wrote that script? pretty good. >> 1968 was a tough year for the country, a

it constantly had to be shipped as the shovels dug away at mother earth.ight at the spot, modern liners afloat on a watery bridge that rises 25 feet from where these rails are. in the distance now, the lines of tracks are to be seen, and also one gets an idea of the width of the canal. originally specified to be 200 feet in width at the bottom, president roosevelt, tr that was, wanted the dimensions changed to 300 feet crossing the united states at extra 13 millions of dollars and well worth it. local and white labor were employed. the white labor being called the gold standard. the native labor, the rest. the government kept one of these nave of signalman, flag in hand, at every switch. it had to. for every minute and a half during the peak of activity the , train loaded with dirt one on its way. it was almost impossible to keep enough hands to tax the capacity. 101 steam shovels were used. we don't want to bore you with figures, but the government used over 300 locomotives and over 4000 cars in this work. now we are approaching the most famous part. firs

does everything it needs to do in earth orbit.ve apollo 10 that does the same thing that apollo 9 does but except they fly all the way to the moon to do it in lunar orbit. goes down to within a few miles of the lunar surface. that works fine. they come back, nobody paid attention to apollo 10. apollo 10 risks death like everybody and it's a forgotten thing, oh, they did that, too, what a shame they didn't get to land on the moon. and just a few months later, it came down to apollo 11. >> what kind of physical sensation do you expect at actual touchdown? >> i hope it will be relatively mild. there is no intention to make a smooth touchdown we would prefer to come in several feet per second so that we will collapse the struts. so that that bottom step on the ladder is close enough to get down to the moon and even more important, close enough to get back up. >> this is cbs news coverage of man on the moon. >> it was almost like this enormous fly wheel of momentum was gathering speed and the level of public attention on those three as

and that image that she saw of earth with the atmosphere totally changed to life.it was as if someone had taken no royal blue crayon and drawn a line around the earth. sometimes she changed the metaphor to say that line is as thin as the faa's on the tennis ball or it was the earth's spacesuit. and that is our atmosphere, the only thing protecting us from the harsh reality of our space. without that atmosphere none of us would be here. we could not survive. that is when she began to understand the fragility of the planet we live on and directed a huge amount of her life toward giving science and government and children interested in doing something about protecting the errors. that was just the beginning of her contribution to the planet and to nasa. after the challenger explosion she served on the rogers commission which investigated that. as it turns out, she became the source, an early source of the critical revelation about the o-rings and their contribution to the accident and also to the flawed management decisions that were made. nasa essentially shut down t

it is generally a cold time in terms of the earth's history. why are there 300 million people in the united states and only 30 million people in canada? one word. cold. [laughter] sometimes i think that is why they let us have it. [laughter] you saw this graph yesterday in a different format. it is the most recent. 600 million years since modern life emerged during the cambrian explosion. it shows is laid that there is no lockstep correlation between co2 and global temperatures. at times, they seem to be moving in similar direction. there seems to be correlations sometimes, but as you know, correlation does not prove causation. and you need to see more of a lockstep relationship. temperatures bounded on the top and the bottom probably got a lot of feedback forces that are creating a maximum and minimum and we are in one of those minimums right now. it shows right there, for example. now it is 14.5. co2 is about 400. the average over the last 600 million years has been around 2000, which coincidentally, is the optimum co2 level for plant growth.

he divides the earth's surface into thousands of grid squares. they're fed with data, on the population for example. the square then grows or shrinks depending on the population. this method produces a view of the world that looks rather distorted when compared to a conventional map. sparsely populated countries like russia shrink, while densely populated regions like central europe look larger than normal. this technique forms the basis for many other maps. this one shows where child mortality is highest in the world. major economic centers, where the money flows, are often located far away. and even familiar images can offer new information, like this view of the earth by night. hennig's map also shows densely populated areas. this view reveals that while india has good access to power, most people in africa still live off grid. >> many of the maps emerged by accident while i was working on my phd. i just found interesting patterns and thought to myself, let's try that out a bit. and then my curiosity led to me discovering other views which i t

and perhaps new knowledge of the earth as well.eady experiments left on the moon were sending back revealing new information. the mission was successfully completed. "the eagle" had landed the first men on the moon and "columbia" had returned them safely to the earth. whatever man's journey tomorrow across the ocean of universe history will remind him that "apollo 11" was mankind's first encounter with a new world. >>> up next on american history tv the story of the construction of the hoover dam. that will be fold by a 1960 interview with herbert hoover who discusses his life beyond presidency. and later u.s. army captain william johnston on his work with the army of the republic of vietnam in the 1960s. and in about an hour a new deal promotional video from 1938 on the importance of the mississippi river valley to the u.s. and that's all ahead on c-span 3. here's a look at what's ahead this labor day weekend on american history tv. saturday at 6:00 p.m. eastern the civil war and the atlanta campaign when the city fell to the unio

the one "mankind beyond earth: the history, science, and future of space exploration". do you think that our u.s. space program should be revised my renewed? >> guest: clearly, that was one of the major reasons for writing the book. yes, i do. i think we are languishing right now. americans in general dumps share the same excitement that -- for space exploration as they did, say, when i was a boy during the early days of manned space flight. and i think there are a lot of reasons for wanting to continue with a rich exploration program that involves humans as well as, of course, unmanned missions . >> host: y -- what is the difference in your view of manned and unmanned space exploration? >> guest: well, manned space flight is more expensive by about a factor of ten. it is more difficult because you have i human in the environment where you have to protect life from really extreme conditions, no atmosphere, high radiation levels and, of course, microgravity. you have to provide everything. air, water, heat. unmanned missions have low risk. if you lose a robot use a robot

but the thing is our oceans are life support systems here on spaceship earth. we need to understand them before we kill thew5eu life in e oceans or permanently disrupt it. and so you know, part of what i was trying to do with this film is get people interested in exploration here on earth. and realize that the ocean is this vast dark inig ma down there we need to understand better. >> rose: there's a story over bbc about this comet and going up behind the circle of the comet and called rosetta, i think. basically the question of finding out how scientifically life may have begun on this planet. a subject you're interested in too and maybe looking for answers in the ocean. >> yes, very much so. the space provides a great laboratory for figuring out the early solar system and where life might have emerged. most people think life emerged here on earth and didn't come here from somewhere else. so where? was it in the classic kind of shallow pond that got hit by lightening or something like that. it's been kind of discredited of the idea. there's a new hypotheses wa

and this would fly and take them off the earth. when it was ready to stimulate the landing they would use just enough of this big turbo fan rocket engine that would control and take care of a five-sixth of the gravity and leave them 1/6th which is watt they would have on the moon. but they could not get away from the wind factor. neal was the first in line to fly. he was doing most of the flying and all of this. he was out there one day and he was flying up and the wind was too tough that day but they did it anyway. he lost all control of everything. he was like hundred feet and three seconds off the ground. but we nailed it down and it had never been nailed down. i went back to the guys that were there. i got it and it was in the book. i talked to the guy in charge of it and some people said if he was a split second on the ground he would have been killed. he was 2.84 seconds off before he crashed but that is real close. but when it rolled over and he had no control he knew he had to eject. so he ejected and came down and saved hi

"mankind beyond earth" the history, science and future of space exploration. dr. subeighteen think i u.s. space program should be revised and renewed? >> guest: clearly that was one of the major reasons for writing the book. yes, i do. i think we are languishing right now. americans in general don't share the same excitement that they force-based exploration as they did when i was a boy during the early days of manned spaceflight. there are a lot of reasons for wanting to continue with a niche expiration program that involves humans as well as of course unmanned missions. >> host: what is the difference in your view of manned and unmanned space exploration? >> guest: manned spaceflight is more expensive by a factor of 10. it's more difficult because you have the human and the environment where you have to protect life from early extreme conditions. no atmosphere, high radiation levels and of course microgravity. you have to provide everything. air, water, heat. unmanned missions of course have low risk and if you lose a robot you lose a robot, not people who are h

and that image that she saw of earth with the atmosphere totally changed to life.t was as if someone had taken no royal blue crayon and drawn a line around the earth. sometimes she changed the metaphor to say that line is as thin as the faa's on the tennis ball or it was the earth's spacesuit. and that is our atmosphere, the only thing protecting us from the harsh reality of our space. without that atmosphere none of us would be here. we could not survive. that is when she began to understand the fragility of the planet we live on and directed a huge amount of her life toward giving science and government and children interested in doing something about protecting the errors. that was just the beginning of her contribution to the planet and to nasa. after the challenger explosion she served on the rogers commission which investigated that. as it turns out, she became the source, an early source of the critical revelation about the o-rings and their contribution to the accident and also to the flawed management decisions that were made. nasa essentially shut down to

that people cherry pick and and have and presumably even back then when they didn't even know the earth went around the sun when why we call that ancient wisdom i don't know but i think people like david and probably you to some extent can't lose your faith because unfortunately and that's why i think sort of exposing children to young to religion a young age is child abuse because you can't get rid of those things it's really hard to get rid of those things they are exposed to when you're a child at that level and i think it's i think we should let children grow up and begin to think for themselves before we try and impose those again has this caused an impasse with your father. no we've had some really great conversations theologically about it i mean we disagree a lot of things but the neat thing is my father's really respected me through my questions and through my search and good you know i think he's happy that i'm still pastor in a church and asking these questions. i think it's just the next this is the next generation of christianity and i hope more people will be open to it un

>> like the earth that collapsed?s not like the tv shows. >> the earth does move and it bumps up and you get a ground fracture but it's not something that opens up and sucks you up into haddes. >> it's not going anywhere. we are going to have a lot of damage, but this myth that california is going to the ocean is not real. >> southern california is moving north. it's coming up from the south to the north. >> you would have to invest the million year cycle, not weeks or years. maybe millions of years from now, part of los angeles will be in the bay area. >> for better or worse. >> yes. >> this is a tough question. >> those other ones weren't tough. >> this is a really easy challenge. are the smaller ones less stress? >> yes. the amount released in small earthquakes is that they are so small in you need many of those. >> i think would you probably have to have maybe hundreds of magnitude earthquakes of 4.7. >> so small earthquakes are not making our lives better in the future? >> not anyway that you can count on. >> i h

the the earth is more like a japanese eggplant so you have this idea. there are two french amateur scientists there both brilliant mathematicians and use mathematics he discovered the french lottery gave away more money than it took can so he got involved to buy out the entire lottery. who would have thought there would go to the new world and if you take the latitude i don't know how much detail to go into but with the royal courts with one doesn't soldiers or the botanist or the astronomers they would spend six years going up and down before they determine the of latitude at the equator. and that only takes 28 months but it is terrible and the mosquitos are so ferocious they have to wear coats even though it is extraordinarily hot. but they did find out the world is shaped like a tomato. >> host: you write just as europeans were getting used to the idea of the greeks and romans your came columbus with all new world ideas. >> guest: right. they were learning was important because they're very curious people and they gave them the feds to follow so with

. >> welcome to the greatest show on earth. >> he's in the spotlight as the first african-american ringwrinkling brothers and barnum & bailey circus. >> one of the things i always tell people about circus life, especially here at the greatest show on earth, is you don't play a ring master, you don't play a trapeze artist, acrobat, you don't play a daredevil, you are these things. everything you do in your personal life, centers around what you're going to do later that night or three times on saturday. >> it was the chance of a lifetime that suddenly appeared just after he graduated college. >> this opportunity of being the ring master of the greatest show on earth was presented to me. i could not turn it down. it's history. but to be honest with you, history wasn't on my mind. i thought this is a great pick-up line. ring master. >> i think i fell in love as soon as i saw him. it's not only the person, it's when he is on the stage as a ring master he takes care of the arena, so charismatic. he's amazing. he's a great person too. >> jonathan's wife is a dancer and line captain with the s

be shippedly had to as the shovels dug away at mother earth.odern liners afloat on a watery bridge that rises 25 feet from where these rails are. in the distance now, the lines of tracks are to be seen, and also one gets an idea of the width of the canal. originally specified to be 200 feet in width at the bottom, president roosevelt, tr that was, wanted the dimensions changed to 300 feet crossing the united states at extra 13 millions of dollars and well worth it. local and white labor were employed. the white labor being called the gold standard. of thesenment kept one nave of signalman, flag and hanscom at every switch. it had to. loaded with dirt one on its way. it was almost impossible to keep enough hands to tax the capacity. we don't want to bore you with figures, but the government used over 300 locomotives and over 4000 cars in this work. now we are approaching the most famous part. first, a full view showing something of its best with steam shovels biting away at it and each chewing off cubic yards. these particular shovels are workin

and we're now awaiting a news conference about this earth quake in napa valley, authorities are about to deliver some details. there's the podium at napa city hall. when the officials step up to the podium, we will of course bring you that news conference live. >> morning news anchor at kgo radio, jennifer jones lee is on the phone now, jennifer used to work together as radio reporters in sacramento. jennifer, welcome, and you live in american canyon, it's one thing to have a story break in your hometown, but it's another to have it happen while you're in your own home. tell us what happened while you slept. >> it's incredible, we just celebrated our one-year anniversary in this house in american canyon and this, i guess, was our celebration if you will. we were asleep in the middle of the night, we had just been to my cousin's wedding in sonoma, my grandmother was staying with us, we had cousins stay with us. all of a sudden the house started to shake. we rode it out as best as we could. as soon as it was done, we ran downstairs. we were able to look around the house right away, but

throws up earth works. then we see the two armies sort of cheek by jowl, as one of the union aides put it, like two school boys facing each other across earth works. the confederates in a wedge-shaped formation, and the union army in a wedge-shaped formation, larger than the confederate one facing inward. they stay there for two days. grant comes up with another idea. maneuver, of course. what he wants to do now is to pull out from the north anna river, do it overnight, before lee understands what's happening. and then swing down the river systems to the east. this would take him below the north anna. where the north anna joins with other rivers, to the pamonkey. he will aim for the pamonkey crossing. that will put him only 17 miles from richmond. it will put him downriver from lee and he can make a sharp dash to the confederate capital, and finally get the victory he's been attempting to get. well, this move goes off like clockwork. the night of may 26th, grant pulls his army under cover of darkness, bands

great. >> i think we should bring this conversation back down to earth. thank you so much for joining us today. i don't know if all of you have noticed, but in 2 lobby, not only do we have curiosity down there but we have copies of ynond's book. it is a deep -- it is a deep book. i know i had mentioned to you before, for me, it was kind of a life of pie meets true man capote's "in cold blood." can you give us an overview of what the book is about. >> so all of you remember 9/11 and the feverish days after 9/11 when we were all kind of in a frenzy and that loop of the planes hitting the towers was over and over again on the tv. and you will also remember that the weeks after that, a few unsophisticated, perhaps deranged, angry people went around arab hunting. as some of them called it. this book is about one of those self-styled true american, as he called himself, arab slayers. he went to three different gas stations in dallas, texas, shot the clerk behind each of these three counters in the month after 9/11. two of them died. and the third one was spared