sealed off as a laboratory to study earth's ecology. van thillo: we had a million-gallon ocean with an entire coral reef that came from southern mexico, from yucatan. we started to look at the health of the corals. what we discovered--and gaie was in the ocean every day--what she discovered was that if we are healthy, our biosphere is healthy, or if our biosphere is healthy, we are healthy. it became written in our bodies, so to speak, because our little biosphere cycled so much faster. carbon cycled faster, water cycled faster, all of these things, so it became a real way of thinking about how everything connects, how the water connects everything, how the atmosphere connects everything. what was amazing was you could actually look at the health of your biosphere by looking at the corals. biosphere foundation was founded inside biosphere 2 with the idea--if our coral is healthy, our biosphere is health well, let's go take a look at the health of our corals in biosphere 1. a ship is the best analogy for a biosphere because you have a cr

space debris dangerous for earth. our earth is enveloped in a cloud of manmade debris more than seven hundred thousand bits of it are all bidding on the planet. most are only a few centimeters in size but there are also fuel tanks rocket components and decommissioned satellites travel at phenomenal speeds just one small piece. could cause serious damage. that's why space junk is monitored using radar and laser systems they can detect objects the smallest ten centimeters in size and pinpoint where the debris is in its orbit if need be satellites and even the i.s.f. space station can be steered out of its way. still there have been collisions which released even more space debris into orbit. when russian rockets take off from their baikonur launch pad debris often rains down over siberia and kazakstan and not just there either. large pieces of space junk have been found in regions far away from launch sites. this claim from america's sky lab space station increased solar activity d. stabilized sky labs orbit and sent it

if you realize how small earth is in the universe and say, "first solve the earth problems, then we'll take in the rest of the universe," that is like saying, "i never want to leave the cave because i have cave problems that need solving." that is a shortness of vision and foresight that can be the unraveling of civilization itself. >> i mean, the argument you make really wrests on the knowledge of science that the public holds. is there a war on science? >> there is -- i don't want to say there's a war on science. i'm gonna say there are people who think that if science disagrees with their personal philosophy, be it religious, cultural, and political philosophy, then they sort of choose to think it's not real or is not true. i've said before the good thing about science, the objective truths of science, is that they are true whether or not you believe in them. >> so a major hurricane has struck the east coast of the united states. and this is not the first major hurricane that we've seen. what does the public need to understand about extreme weather conditions and climate change? >>

activity in lower earth orbit. if that remains true, we've got to think where we'll be seven years from now. we've got to think how do we commercialize lower earth orbit. how does nasa become one of many customers driving down our cost of access to humans to lower earth orbit and how do we have providers competing on cost and innovation and enabling us to do more than ever before in lower earth orbit. how do we make that a reality. ultimately when we're a customer of many customers and a commercial marketplace that's competitive and driving down cost and increasing access, then we can use nasa's resources, pushing the envelope further, going on to the moon and mars. the reality is, we can extend the international space station and if congress wants to give us a lot more money, we'll take it. but the reality is, given our current budget constraints, we want to go to the moon and we want to to go to mars. we need to commercialize lower earth orbit and go on to the next step. and by the way, that can be done. >> and w

most homosapiens live on the surface of the earth. but a few of them the astronauts among us live four hundred kilometers above it. they need space suits to survive with a backpack containing the oxygen they need to breathe constantly. without it they would die. besides humans can't stand the zero pressure of space their bodily fluids would boil so they need pressure suits but one bar of pressure like on earth would be too much. it would look like this the pressure difference between inside and outside would blow the suit up like a balloon the astronauts wouldn't be able to move. so a spacesuit has only zero point three bars of pressure for humans a tiny amount on earth that would be the pressure at nine thousand meters above sea level less than on top of mt everest in order to cope astronauts have to breathe pure oxygen. even with a space suit humans can spend too long out on a space walk a normal six to seven hour stint is very tiring. and humans perspire and have to replenish fluids often they put water into their bodies and then e

narrator: today on "earth focus," coral reefs are home to 1/4 of all fish and marine life. but now, due to rising ocean temperatures, coral reefs are in great peril. around the world, dedicated people are working together to save the coralals, coming up on "earth focus." coral reefs are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. while they cover less than 2% of the ocean floor, reefs provide livelihoods, food, and shoreline protection, as well as being home to millions of aquatic species. but coral reefs everywhere are being destroyed by warming seas, chemical runoff, plastic waste, and destructive fishing practices. man: coral reefs are very important for fish populations and diversity. narrator: mark van thillo is the captain of the mir, a 100-foot sailing vessel built in 1910 and world headquarters of the biosphere foundation, which he created w with gaie alling, an ocean scscientist and his paparr of 30 years. together, they have been on the leading edge of documenting the dramatic changes in the planet's coral reefs. alling: we started an 18-year expedition around the

now they're in low earth orbit. they are praying the rocket will be light because if it doesn't they will spend the rest of their lives and give them my support that could be about four days. they keyed the mike on christmas eve and one out of every four people on the planet listen to the broadcasts. that's a stunning achievement. thus the history of the legacy of mass. if they can measure up to that legacy, that's a tall order. not suggesting i can. i'll tell you, it is very humbling to be at the helm of this extremely storied agency. >> we wish you and the agents he the best of success about the missions coming up and all the challenges you face. thank you very much. >> thank you. [applause] >> on behalf of the washington state business roundtable, that 2% to the nasa administrator and very ethical cup of candy that you can enjoy in your office. thank you so much for joining us today. [laughter] in thank you all for providing a very provocative conversation. thank you very much for helping. [applause] i'd like to

the earth. it took human kind just a few thousand years to learn how to live on it we then found ways to tame it and ultimately to subjugate it in the process we've left indelible traces of our activities school so it's unbelievable what we've done to the planet in such a short amount of time don't there's more unique to. our domination of the earth has had dramatic consequences human activity is altering the earth's ecosystems and impacting the climate. tens of thousands of species are threatened with extinction eventually she kind itself may be on the endangered list. yet we steadfastly ignore the warning signs as if climate change blew fiction one big question is why you will societies aren't acting more rapidly it's a color some of the. negative changes are breaking of the earth rapid climate change. societies have been threatened by climate change before. some found solutions. others come up sed. the challenge we face today is the same as in the past can we adapt. to climate change for says

is on china for rare earth's? >> we import about 78% of our rare earths from china. it is massive. alix: does that mean it will be a lever to be pulled later? is that what people are worried about? >> the worry is, we had the $200 billion in tariffs july. every rare earth you could think of was on there. everything was on there, all the critical minerals were on the list. the latest came out. they were not there. companies did have the ability to come out and say to the u.s. maybe you should consider taking these off of the list. the ramparts -- the rare earths came off the list. think about it, rare earths are in wind turbines, iphones, pretty much everything technological. we wrote a headline that said this has now become a tech war, if you consider the rare earths are on this list. i think there was notice taken, at least in the u.s., the defense department, the white house. suddenly those are not on there, although we never know what could be happening next. alix: china will respond in kind and maybe put their own tariffs on exporting their rare earths. thank you so much, good

it was just in low-earth orbit. they said by december we're going to the moon because we're going to achieve ultimately john f. kennedy's vision of getting to the moon bit end of the decade. of course, our braves a th astr did what our country called them to do and did things we believed would potentially -- you know, the question bill anders' wife asked at the time, the question was, what are the chances he's going to come home alive? the answer was 50%. that's the amount of risk they were taking. i'm guessing that he was saying that because it was on the high side. and yet -- and here's the other thing that's important to know about that story. apollo 8, 1968. so we're celebrating the an verse -- anniversary of that on christmas eve. if this mission had failed, it would have been changed our vision forever of going to the moon. it would have changed forever christmas. imagine having a disaster on christmas eve. of course, when they did have success at christmas, that evening on christmas eve, 1968, when they keyed

part of earth observing system. and these are the satellites that are fully compliant or to the full free and open access, i'm not showing the dozens of research satellites or the even more commercial satellites which may have more targeted focus and observations. so the complexity and the richness of the observations that we have are incredible, and we're starting -- we realize that on a regular basis within noaa we get half of our data from our daily weather forecast our european partners, who share one of the orbits, they get half of their data from us. neither of us could be successful without the contributions from the other to the degree that we are and the complexity and the interconnections are going to get greater in the future at we realize the value of these systems. it's our collective vomentd in these international calculations which makes the data interoff reasonable. it's making the data look like other satellites so when i bring a new system on board into this constellation the looks like the others

is the world news from al-jazeera now says latest supercool mission is to keep a close eye on the earth's melting icecaps detained in egypt two sons of the former president hosni mubarak over the sale of a major bank. in ten years since the collapse of the lehman brothers investment bank triggered the worldwide financial crash who's still paying the price today. for the most powerful typhoon to hit the philippines this year has killed at least twelve people and left a trail of damage now it is heading across the south china sea towards hong kong and southern china what began as a super typhoon did lose some of its sting after it landed on the largest island in the philippines roofs were ripped off flimsy homes and power lines were downed as well thousands of people were moved from low lying areas jamila island duggan is there for us she saw what happened in the northern province of. we are in one of the areas first there and. the super typhoon this is about an hour from to get out the city but at says is really quite difficult communication and power lines have been cut off but on our way

the rare earths came off the list.hink about it, rare earths are in wind turbines, iphones, pretty much everything technological. we wrote a headline that said this has now become a tech war, if you consider the rare earths are on this list. i think there was notice taken, at least in the u.s., the defense department, the white house. suddenly those are not on there, although we never know what could be happening next. alix: 100%. if china will respond in kind and maybe put their own tariffs on exporting their rare earths. thank you so much. good to see all of you. coming up, florence's aftermath. hurricane florence's rainfall has stopped, the destruction is far from over. we have the latest. as we head to break, this ratio caught my eye, gold 85 times more expensive than one ounce of silver. a premium not seen since 1995. this is "bloomberg commodities edge." ♪ alix: i'm alix steel. this is "bloomberg commodities edge." time for the data dig, where we delve deep into the trends of the week. oil inventory numbers, it w

earth. home to news of species. a home worth saving. get those are big changes and most start with small steps global ideas tell stories of creative people and innovative projects around the world. like music concert players use to submissions and resources to show. interactive content teaching the next generation of fundamental to touch him. using all channels available to inspire people to take action and more determined to do something here for the next generation globally do this for the environment series of global three thousand on t.w. and all mine. the mole mortise waters that have been flowing for centuries for millennia without seas in the course of time they have changed the face of the landscape the healing power of these hot springs has drawn people hand since the dawn of time they were in or of the water and it shaped that culture. was a cultic site in antiquity and to this day it has remained a fascinating natural spectacle at the foot of the jurchen as mountains in tacky. evidence remains of happiness as secret city of t

twenty years of break through science in service of life on earth. in 20 years, of using robots in service of the human crew on board. reducing the need for risky space walks, reducing the risk for our human explorers. with these first two decades behind us, we know we need to think about our future steps beyond the international space station. we consider the iss the key stepping stone for future exploration destinations helping us to learn how to live and work in space our countries have and will achieve great things in history, but on a personal note i am particularly proud of the opportunities we provide to young people. from supporting students with space projects, to sending astronauts to talk to students in school. the international space education board was established in 2005. spiriting in a new era of global collaboration in space education. the space agency and nasa were among the four founding members along with -- the objective is to share best practices and unite effects to foster interest in space science and technology among the stude

anywhere on the face of the earth. the united states stands ready to export our abundant affordable supply of oil clean coal and natural gas. opec. and opec nations are as usual ripping off the rest of the world. and i don't like it. nobody should like it. we defended many of these nations for nothing. and then they take advantage of us by giving us high oil prices not good. we want them to stop raising prices we want them to start lowering prices and they must contribute substantially to military protection from now on. we are not going to put up with that. these horrible prices much longer. reliance on a single foreign supplier can leave a nation vulnerable to extortion and intimidation that is why we can graduate. the european states such as poland for leading the construction of a baltic pipeline so that nations are not dependent on russia to meet their energy needs germany will become totally dependent on russian energy if it does not immediately change course. here in the western hemisphere we are committed to ma

we are here to demand real solutions to protect us and mother earth and our community.anting] amy: i am right in front of the climate summit, and we will see what is happening here. .> get this on film get this on film. [chanting music] ♪ am a councilwoman from oklahoma, and i come on behalf of my people for one reason, because phillips 66 and the fracking and injection well industries are killing the earth, the water, and the air, and that kills us. i am here as a mother, companion, grandmother, great-grandmother, and a future great great great grandmother. it is the right of all the silent nations and all of my people to join hands and to honor the natural laws that the creator put us in, and we're going to change the world. there will be no more oil and gas. we're going to put it back into the ground where it belongs. and miko why are you trying to the global -- amy: why are you try to shut down the entrance to the global climate action summit? >> they are trying to sell the air. everywhere.the air they act as if it stands still and the wind does not blow. brown is l

earth. home to millions of species a home worth saving. here which of those are big changes and most start with small steps global warming two years tell stories of creative people and innovative projects around the world like to use the term the climate boost green energy solutions and reforestation. they create an interactive cause. teaching the next generation about environmental protection and we're determined to build something here for the next generation global ideas the multimedia environment series t w. play place. in atlanta and sixty l. crime and go around the world. young people build against their parents' generation. because it wasn't honestly just soulless stupidity entish it is. they demanded nothing less than a home to societal wide maelstrom of the serial killer lives with the vietnam war pledge to grover lamar generational play watch the vietnam war every day live our documentary takes a look and smile to split those merlin are the members of the movie star for the first time i had a feeling of being on to something and

and how much potential does this have to cause damage to the the digital economy for instance rare earth minerals on the list smartwatch is on the list and yet things like frogs legs right beal's all yeah i mean i look the president you know is is he is a politician is not a politician by nature unease and this is new to him but there is definitely some politics involved he quite purposely left you know mobile phones off the list of rare earth minerals are important the last time the chinese put a stop to tech sporting or put a cap on exports it really shook up the rare earth market to the point where there was a lot of development in canada in the us and assert to a certain degree and in australia but again that's just another example of the chinese. shorting the private market and not behaving in a free open market model what do you make of object loss comments about quantum computing and an ai in basically. a cooking us nuke a the usa we're already there our economy is going to be way ahead of the us because we've got this technology well yeah because they're they're still in the tech

laich as laboratory is busy here the chalky water's poor from the earth at thirty five degrees celsius that high pressure. on contact with the air carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate are released limestone is deposited coating everything the water touches with grace white chocolate nails. this is nature become stone marble capitals from the temple of apollo suggest the importance here apple is once had at one time it was the first great cultic site harappan as was the center of the culture of seventy the great earth mother till the time of classical antiquity it was thought that an entrance to the underworld lay here the sacred realm of pluto poisonous gases are still emitted from the cave in antiquity the thermal water was valued for its healing powers the remains of the nymph air move her happiness suggest the scale of the cult the complex built around the springs was visible from a considerable distance. at a rapid as there was a roman bathing culture in asia minor two thousand years ago the city had an estimated population of one hundred thousand. and him from the great house a sc

not long ago, venezuela was one of the richest countries on earth. today, socialism has bankrupted the nation and driven its people into abject poverty. virtually everywhere socialism or communism has been tried, it has produced suffering, corruption, and decay. socialism's thirst for power leads to expansion, incursion, and oppression. all nations should resist the misery it brings to everyone. in that spirit, we ask the nations gathered here to join us in calling for the restoration of democracy in venezuela. today, we are announcing additional sanctions against the regime, targeting his inner circle and advisers. we are grateful for the work the united nations does to help people build better lives for themselves and their families. the united states is the largest ever in the world, by far, of foreign aid. few give anything to us. that is why we are taking a look at u.s. foreign assistance, headed up by secretary of state, mike pompeo. we will examine what is working, what is not, and whether the countries who receive our dollars and our protecti

this is a mission to major the changing height of earth's ice.from the vandenberg air force base in california. that there is the graphic provided by nasa. the isat2 is carrying just one instrument, and advanced laser system also known as atlas. i understand it's going to send about ten days —— 10,000 understand it's going to send about ten days ——10,000 laser understand it's going to send about ten days —— 10,000 laser pulses back down to earth's surface which will measure the height of ice sheets, galatians, sea ice and vegetation by calculating the time it takes the pulses to return back up to the spacecraft. the hope is... let's just listen in. delta will hold onto those motors for initial 20 seconds. one minute 20 seconds, standby for motor jettisoned. we one minute 20 seconds, standby for motorjettisoned. we have good indication of jettison motorjettisoned. we have good indication ofjettison all four four rocket motors. one minute 30 seconds into flight. continuing good chamber pressure on both the engines. stable pressure on both the engin

earth. home tunes of species. a home worth saving. given those are big changes and most start with small steps global ideas tell stories of creative people and innovative projects around the world. but news that comes with the good news to manage solutions and reforestation. community interactive content teaching the next generation of those environmental protection. channels available to people to take action and we're determined to get something here for the next generation the idea is for the environment series of global three thousand on d w and online. and unusual friendship. is the story of paul and he. is a student from cameroon b. other a filmmaker from germany has read or not likely never be able to say whether he chose me or i chose him whatever the case this is the story of how we met. on europe's most dangerous place. what began as a doctor. entry. to the bronx my parents sacrificed everything for me i can't go back and. became a story about those seeking refuge. and those ready to know. when paul came over the seat from c

in the last century the earth access has shifted about ten and a half meters and the reason may just be us stephanie opitz explains and scientific america this week one third of the earth's wobble is due to manmade climate change in the effects of it like rising sea levels and melting ice one third is due to the upward expansion of earth's land as it reacts to the rising sea levels and the last third is due to the natural slow churn of the earth's middle layer all of this explains why the earth's axis drifts a few centimeters each year and how a new study published in the earth and planetary science letters show using computer models that determine greenland and it's melting glaciers is one of the larger contribute is to the wobble but don't worry hop watchers the wobble isn't leading to a squabble turns out it it doesn't have any effect on agriculture or climate however it does must with navigational equipment but scientists say it's easy to adjust fares adjust for it does make you wonder why we aren't being more careful with the planet we are able to make wobble it's access just by

they all produce toxins of one kind or another and some are among the most poisonous creatures on earth jellyfish often move through the seas and huge holes and they live in freshwater to mike they pose a threat to our ecosystems. a small lake near the bavarian city of english that. biologists cattle and shuttle and boat on pull gary are on the hunt for freshwater jellyfish. munich university we want to closely examine jellyfish ecology and plan to conduct experiments at the institute i mean to do that we need to collect some specimens while. the two researchers have been waiting for weeks for bigger shoals to appear in the very in lakes and ponds will they find any today. freshwater jellyfish were first discovered in europe in eighteen eighteen in the water lily pond in london they were an invasive species native to china that probably hitched a ride on imported aquatic plants and somehow they ended up here in southern germany. they've spotted one. of the venom it uses to catch prey isn't harmful to humans there stingers can't penetrate our skin so swimmers needn't worry. that many peo

jellyfish are rather fascinating creatures because they're among the oldest multicellular animals on earth. home. means they're very effective survival strategies about the studying and understanding the strategies could give us a better idea of what makes for a very successful and stable survival strategy in evolutionary terms leaving surprised. here at the lake the researches are investigating how the jellyfish adapt and thrive the jellyfish a ninety nine percent water and still something of a mystery. like. as a mom i said before we know what i found but we know practically nothing about jellyfish ecology the significance of the food chain for example and the role they play and i like ecosystems particularly when they're present in such large numbers . the recent jellyfish bloom that massive increase in numbers might have been caused by a wave of hot weather. the scientists are investigating what happens in a lake when non-native or invasive species proliferates. could that have a negative impact on the existing ecosystem. i know sites for a jellyfish can very efficiently consume the ti

surface and it will ounce off the surface of the earth all around its orbit.e land ice and the sea ice. in the north pole and the sea ice. in the north pole and the south pole. we will, from that, hopefully get a very good estimate quite quickly at how much ice is being lost from the land ice and also the changes in the sea ice thickness. what do you want to do with this information once you have it? we can use the information to estimate how much ice is being lost around the edges of the ice sheets and therefore how much ice has melted and gone into the oceans. when it gets into the ocean, think of it like a glass of water. if you have an ice cube sitting on a glass of water, as you melt the ice, you won't raise sea level but if you add extra ice into the glass, it will raise the level of the water in the glass. it is a good analogy for understanding how land ice adds to the volume of our world's oceans. what we see is that ice is being lost and sea level is rising and icesat-2 to lost and sea level is rising and icesat—2 to help us understand how quickly tha

have new york times, above the fold, a discovery of a third kingdom of life, a new form of life on earththat had been previously unsuspected, he was -- he was a deeply curious man, he was going after big questions, he wanted to know what the shape of life had been like, the history of life on earth from the beginning from the earliest times, from 3 billion, 3.5 billion, maybe 3.8 billion years ago and he came upon the idea of doing that by sequencing long molecules. he picked one particular molecule that occurs in slightly different forms in all life, all life on earth and that became his roseta stone molecule, form of rna that exists. to grow bacteria, this strain, that strain. and then compare the paragraph of one form of life to another and determine how closely related they were and by inference had diverged from one another, he was doing this in the mid-70's using a primitive form of genome sequencing that involved toxic chemicals and explosive solvents, nonosea approved methods and he and his team with grad students were doing this coming with paragraph to compare one to another. t

to build a better world here on earth.the nexus of the new space economy, maxar. >> i do that because many folks don't even know what maxar is yet so it is a quick, easy way to show what the combination of the four companies are. i will say that if you don't have -- haven't picked it out, the x is a ground station and a satellite, which is super cool and so let me tell you about where i come from. so i was air force. i was a pilot. the only thing that i had ever done from a space perspective is when i was young gal, one of the gentleman that worked with my dad worked at nasa so i have letterhead from this gentleman from every apollo launch that went up, which i thought was great. but after that, i didn't give space a whole lot of thought event though he was using the products that came from myspace force career. i had joint operations from canada from the time we were doing operations in bosnia on through to when i retired in 2011. my last job was at the white house running operations but obviously we engaged with canada a

definitely some politics involved to quite purposely left you know mobile phones off the list rare earth minerals are important the last time the chinese put a stop to check sporting or put a cap on exports it really shook up the rare earth market to the point where there was a lot of development in canada in the u.s. and certain to a certain degree and in australia but again that's just another example of the chinese just. shorting the private market and not behaving in a free open market model what do you make of object loss comments about quantum computing and an ai basically. in a cooking us nuke a the us say we're already there our economy is going to be way ahead of the us because we've got this technology well yeah because they're they're stealing the technology so that mean that the u.s. clearly and not just us but our allies in trading partners around the world are are are seeing china and this two thousand and twenty five you know model that she has put in place is a threat of course it is because that of of ip is is is clearly a violation of free and free and open market i thi

a lot of good ideas with moving space for travel to get to another point on the earth. that will be a new technology revolution we will see. they will have to fundamentally change the expectations of safety again. >> do you want the last word? >> i don't want the last word, but i do want to put a word in. what rich said back and forth about the space station and the breakthroughs in health technology. i think that comes to your question on what we are doing and why we are doing things in space. why do we have a human presence on the international space station? it's because of the science and the breakthroughs that we are seeing beyond teflon and velcro and things of that nature. it's the medical breakthroughs and those are some of the markets we need to look at with the medical research. and the health-related research that is going on in microgravity . i think if you look at some of these breakthroughs that nasa has had -- not just nasa, but all the agencies working on the space station, is going to revolutionaries -- revolutionize the way we have health solutions in

wasn't the earth you. were squished into news and. lo and behold field is back at the space station preparing for a space walk around. to finish your weekend if i defy the i'm going to come out. of you to put me up here on a sunday school. he carried the olympic torch in space. and gave a concert in syria gravity. chief and is now fifty seven and he's getting ready for his face flight he spent eleven years of his life trying to get on the team for a good reason he knew he'd been born to fly it since he was a child. no bull look it was blazing will the producers who never heard them vocal coach doesn't distort really mean you know believe the book at them will look you see what you do want to stress this will smoke social talk of the cosmos to your good. will spoil him for much over but i mean you know it was as you said it was one of those with words of the of the it would be sure would the really severe the third from the position of the star you know the british will slow but look three additional schools you see could be true to th

. ♪ narrator: from the good red earth comes iron or, the basic element of steel.ould you imagine what would happen if steel was wrenched from our daily lives, what would become of our great bridges, how could we travel, how could we farm, how could we communicate with one another? what would become of all of us? only in a nightmare could such a calamity occur. so we begin the story of steel. 17 tons, the capacity of the giant eating into the tank of , a 34,000 pound load made profitable by steel. this is also the age of electricity. it is also the age of steel. it's an age of tremendous locomotive strength made possible by the use of steel. open pit mining is restricted to months when frost is off the ground, but year-round we find the men of the underground lines -- mines contributing to the steady stream of loaded ore cars flowing between the northwest and the northern harbors of the great lakes. puffing and patiently, the both of the great lake. the boats must go, we must get to the mills, so down, the loading shoots like the mouths of a prehistoric monster. up