we've got a radiation environment in low-earth orbit that we can't simulate on earth. we can have beams of particular particles but it's very difficult to get that mix of radiation unless you actually go into space. our radiation research on how it affects fundamental mechanisms and cells, how radiation can cause cancer, there's a lot of parallels for these kinds of processes on earth. it's only possible in the space environment. >> thank you very much. captain shepard, thank you for the idea of the similar redundancy. that's my new word for the day. i'm fascinated that after testimony about transitioning from government to government to commercial crew, commercial cargo, commercial successor, you set these questions are behind us. do you strongly believe that we need to maintain the same kind of nasa led government investment program that we've had? >> i think it's a big question. i'm not sure i can give you a short answer. let me just say that one of the biggest issues that we worked with on iss was integrating the procedures, controls, displays, equipment, hardware

we're never going to be content to just sit on earth.we're on the brink of another giant leap for mankind. steven freeland: essentially, our future as a humanity is inextricably tied to the way that we can continue to utilize space. sarah pearce: i think what we'll see now, in the new path to return to the moon, is again that new technology, new services, new engineering, that we really can't predict when we set out to try and build it, but really will make our lives unrecognizable. michael: a new breed of entrepreneurs is looking to the stars. adam gilmour: we're looking to have a multi-billion dollar valuation in the company. my vision of space is, i think, you know, sooner or later there'll be, you know, millions of peoplliving off the planet. there'll be, you kw, cities on the moon, cities on mars, and it'll just become a major part of the ecosystem. everything is going to be space. michael: in the 21st century, science fiction is becoming science fact faster than ever before. we're now on the cusp of a new industrial revolution that

human presence in low earth orbit. and this is a key tenet of our iss transition plan that nasa has put together. we cannot have a gap in american human space flight in low earth orbit, and this is why nasa is committed to an orderly transition from iss operations in leo to u.s. commercially provided destinations in low earth orbit. we are currently working with our partners in u.s. industry and just put out a request for proposals and received strong industry feedback on these requests for proposals for commercial leo destinations. we anticipate having those destinations in place by 2028. and so if we extend the iss so that we can have an orderly transition and an overlap between the time when we'll have these destinations in leo and when we do retire the iss, that will allow us to mitigate the risk of a gap. >> and how can nasa apply those lessons when developing a transition plan for the space station? >> we can apply those lessons by planning for this orderly transition and planning to have an overlap in services s

platforms in low earth orbit. so the axiom commercial element on space station is one of those paths. we had always intended to follow that with a commercial free flyer solicitation which we have now done, and we have seen strong industry feedback and to that request for proposals so that tells us that was a good strategy on our part. there is strong interest in multiple platforms in low earth orbit. >> well, i don't see the clock, so how much time do i have, mr. chairman? >> just about two minutes. just a little less. >> thank you, sir. so i'm going to follow up with that question for you if i can. do you agree nasa should be able to assure the u.s. scientific and research community as well as our international partners that there is a plan moving forward together, which provides for the continuity of scientific and research collaboration in space that does leave the world relying on china for activities in microgravity? what do you say to that? >> yes, thank you for that. our plan absolutely emphasizes that plan

meteors hitting earth are slow. i think we are operating under the assumption that it is a low risk and hopefully everything will be fine. >> staying with the sun shield, your answer explains one part of a sentence i had to underline. the sun shield is the only hope for an infrared telescope. but you said it is also its achilles' heel. meredith: interesting. that sun shield was like a major deployment that had to happen. that had to unfold and then tension basically and it had multiple players. that appointment was one i think a lot of people were really worried about. it is made out of this very fine and thin material. there was a lot of risk in launching it. something might have into it. it might tear and then it would not work and we would have no sunshine. -- some shield. -- no sun shield. that was another moment when the whole thing successfully tensioned. susan: you are a space scientist at the university of colorado. i am wondering how nasa works with researchers such as yourselves and how that whole public a

>> us to the majority of investment in space and earth.if you look at like spacex the capitol invested in these companies are largely being invested to create a more connected planet in a healthier planet. a planet we can better and more efficiently consume our resources and operate as a species. if you look at all of these satellites we have launched their largely satellites help us connect underserved population help us provide new tools to manage the resources here on earth. >> is there a risk, i know the regulators with elon musk and e recorded recently being concerned about keeping pace with some of the scale of the private investment. you are up in other parts of the world could be left behind there could be overcrowding in terms of satellites, how concerned are you about that? >> concerned on one side but let me start in the good part being really do see just before creates a new race in space. we had the race in the 60s and 70s during the time of the cold war. now it's a different race. countries between say the u.s. and china as t

an impact with the earth would cause a global catastrophe. according to new calculations, however, the risk of an impact is low for the next 200 years. unfortunately, telescopes based on earth cannot see asteroids coming from the direction of the sun . the asteroid that exploded over the russian city of chile options in 2013, came from this direction. it was only 20 meters across, but it released 30 times more energy than the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima 1500 people were injured and almost 400 buildings damaged. and such unexpected impacts are possible at any time. now back in time, could an asteroid the, the reason dinosaurs went extinct? we are highly intelligent chi yeager from the university of bon. yeah. for a long time in the 20th century, it was believed that the mass extinction was due to volcanic eruptions and new as they still do today. that what is now india so intensely counting activity over a long time? the impact on the environment may have included openness edification, which in turn led to a collapse of ecosystems over a

ah, once upon a time, dinosaurs roamed the earth. but at some point they banished in was an asteroid, responsible for their demise. moral not coming up. ah, but 1st cosmic baldes and what could happen if they collided with planet of young from algeria asked us, is there a risk that an asteroid could hit the earth again? if so, when asteroids are cosmic, boulders rubble from the early days of our solar system today, most of them or but the sun between jupiter and mars in what is known as the asteroid belt. if small asteroids get too close to jupiter, the giant planets. gravity can divert them out of their stable orbits, and that can put them on a collision course with the earth. these stray asteroids can collide with other asteroids and thus creates smaller fragments that then also whiz towards planet earth. which is why the sky is constantly being monitored to track down dangerous asteroids and calculate their trajectories around 2200 asteroids that pass close to earth and are large enough to cause serious damage have already been ca

an impact with the earth would cause a global catastrophe. according to new calculations, however, the risk of an impact is low for the next 200 years. unfortunately, telescopes based on earth cannot see asteroids coming from the direction of the sun . the asteroid that exploded over the russian city and shelley ovens in 2013, came from this direction. it was only 20 meters across, but it released 30 times more energy than the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima. 1500 people were injured and almost 400 buildings damaged. and such unexpected impacts are possible at any time. now back in time, could an asteroid be the reason dinosaurs went extinct? we are highly intelligent, kai hagar from the university of bon. yeah. for a long time in the 20th century, it was believed that the mass extinction was due to volcanic eruptions. and the new as they still do today, that what is now india so intensely counting activity over a long time. the impact on the environment may have included openness, that if occasion, which in turn led to a collapse of ecosyst

thanks to earth's central heating system. no one knows just how long the ice at the north and south poles will last. currently, global warming is causing it to vanish at an alarming rate. the arctic could be completely ice free in summer in as little as a few years. elsewhere, ice is melting on mass. glaciers are disappearing. in some regions, this could mean riverbeds dry in tiny as a result. and what about ice below the earth's surface? is that feeling the heat? here in the austrian house, 1600 meters above sea level is the world's largest ice cave. the van icy invent german for world of the ice giant. every year, france fine start glenda's team monitor the state of the ice. it's not only freezing gold inside the cave, it's also pitch dark. the might of their headlamps gradually reveals a magical world. the ice cave was 1st discovered by an explorer in the late 19th century. but he didn't actually get very far when he ventured into its depths. it was only decades later that an expedition party, equipped with crampons and pi

but it is the earth we will need to focus on.e planet's fate hangs in the balance but science can provide of the solutions. and give us hope for the future. good afternoon. the new year has started just as the old one ended with some exceptional my air across the uk. this afternoon, it stays mild, windy in places, and rainfor some but not for all. some rain pushes across the south—east, some showery rain in northern ireland and scotland and for westerns, particularly, we'll see wind gusts of 60-70 particularly, we'll see wind gusts of 60—70 mph, maybe even a bit strong in the most exposed places. top temperatures, 13—16 , white extreme for the first day of january. tonight, some of that rain clings in the south—east, some more showery rain pushes in from the west overnight, some of that could be on the heavy side, a little bit cooler than last night across the northern half of the uk, but temperatures still above where we would expect them to be. summer wet weather clearing eastwards tomorrow, then some sunshine and then more sho

but it's the earth we'll need to focus on.s in the balance, but science can provide some of the solutions and give us hope for the future. hello there. colder weather has arrived in scotland. we've seen some snow across northern areas today, but that colder air is pushing its way southwards. now, a real turnaround in fortunes when you think about saturday's temperatures and how they were up at around 15 or 16 degrees, including in the highlands of scotland. well, tomorrow's temperatures more typically around 4 or 5 celsius. it is going to feel a lot colder. now, the colder air is going to be arriving on these northerly winds, and those winds push the cold air right the way into the south. however, this is our cold front. and ahead of it, overnight, we'll stilljust be about into the milder air across the far south of england and wales, so temperatures, cardiff so temperatures, cardiff and london, about 6 or 7 degrees. otherwise, further north, frost pretty widespread and there's a risk of icy stretches in scotland, where we'll

ah. planet earth is heating up. according to the united nations 2021 was one of the 7 hottest years ever recorded. global warming is already impacting people and animals world wide. extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. manmade climate change is also affecting oceans and seas. to day we will take a look at how exactly and to what extent. ah hello and welcome to tomorrow to day this science show on d. w. coral reefs have been around for thousands of years. but environmental degradation and climate change threatened to destroy them within a few decades. these diverse ecosystems provide life and food sources for millions of people worldwide is there's still time to save them with carl reefs. unlike anywhere else on earth, the hum to mind blowing biodiversity, the wild reefs are shown with red dots here. they cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, but they actually support over a quarter of all marine life built. she tiny animals, coral polyps, cobbles. oh, a great deal of them magic and that beaut

mm. columbus also believed the earth was very much smaller than it really is. only half its actual size. he thought the western re, to china and india was 4500 kilometers long, a challenging voyage, but a manageable one. in actual fact, it's a journey of 20000 kilometers far beyond the capabilities of his telling me. so columbus was not only taking a risk, but also a miscalculated one. king john's advisors suspected columbus was mistaken and refused to give him financial support. he only received it 8 years later, from the spanish king 3rd, and on the 2nd ah, after 6 weeks at sea, on the 12th of october, $1492.00 columbus made land full in the bahamas and then went on to cuba and his spun yona. he still believed he had found the western route to asia, and that has been yolo was the chinese coast in his records. he promised the spanish crown as much gold as it needed. and as many slaves as it asked for, columbus had discovered the new world and plunged it into catastrophe. as a gloom with 1st front is shipping to fuel your muscles from columbus was good at navig

and the earth was not the center of the universe. from bulk in poland in around 1540 nicholas, copernicus was a cannon at the cathedral there as well as a high ranking government official. he was also a lawyer, physician, and mathematician, as well as an economist who wrote a highly regarded work on the theory of money. but his real passion was astronomy. his astronomical observations and calculations contradicted the generally accepted muddle originally posited by the ancient scholar claudius ptolemy. namely that the earth was at the center of the solar system. this geocentric world view was essential teaching of the church. copernicus believed the sun was at the center of the solar system. but even though he spent 30 years working on his theory, he kept quiet about it. his friends and confidence, including some high ranking clerics trying to persuade him to publish his work, but without success. company who's had in the pad, it was announced, copernicus was scared of publishing his theory that because he was afraid he would make hi

it's able to mine rare earth out of the ground. the buckwheat does this by extracting calcium in the process acidic, lying the soil around its roots. the acids caused the phosphorus and iron that the calcium is bound in to dissolve. also releasing the rare earth that are in the phosphate rock, they all then migrate to the leaves via their stems. here they are stored in the cells, their walls, and in special water reservoirs called vacuum holes. the fido mining project at the university of fi back still has a long way to go. but all of a vicious as the potential in these plans is enormous. the burgundy standing listed as soils constitute the biggest source of these elements on the planet, wound up the yahoo for centuries to come. we could farm and harvest these crops. and every year we'd find the same elements and the plants in front of you, the 5th. of course, in order for us to use the rear earths and other precious raw materials, they 1st have to be extracted from the plants. and that happens here at the university's bio gas plan

desolation from the earth to the moon we did first man. we've done exhibitory work for groups all over the world. we we built a ufo of all things for a museum in taiwan. our team actually just traveled to dc last week. they built the display frame exhibit frame for the apollo 11 command module so they went out there to install it so our our team is one of the foremost experts at restoration built up an expertise on fabricating replicas and and then doing exhibit work. it's a division of ours, but it's one that does does generate revenue for the operation. that kansas proud we absolutely i'm gonna have to come visit. that's how so cool. yeah, it is. um fact our our guys are getting ready to leave in three weeks. i believe they're gonna go to brazil south paulo brazil. they're setting up an exhibit down there that we're supporting and then sometime this fall they'll go to warsaw poland. there's another touring exhibition that we support and then we're talking with a group about doing a project in in bangkok in in 2022. awesome. sounds very i

it's able to mine rare earth out of the ground. the buckwheat does this by extracting calcium in the process acidic lying the soil around its roots. the acids caused the phosphorus and iron that the calcium is bound in to dissolve. also releasing the rare earth that are in the phosphate rock, they all then migrate to the leaves via their stems. here they are stored in the cells, their walls and in special water reservoirs comb, vacuum holes, the fido mining project at the university of fly back still has a long way to go. but oliver visa says the potential in these plans is enormous. the burgundy standing listed as lawyers constitute the biggest source of these elements on the planet. but the yahoo! for centuries to come, we could farm and harvest these crops. and every year we'd find the same elements in the plants in the floods of you the food, of course, in order for us to use the rear earths and other precious raw materials, they 1st have to be extracted from the plants. and that happens here at the universities of bio gas plan

headed towards earth.he hit satirical film about a comet hurtling towards earth: we'll be speaking to its director about why it's an allegory for the current climate crisis. the omicron variant of coronavirus is spreading rapidly around the world. in the us, the number of new covid infections and the number of hospital admissions have reached an all—time high. in europe, the world health organisation said it expects more than half the people there will be infected in the next six to eight weeks, with france, italy and turkey reporting new pandemic highs. if we take a closer look at the us, we'll see cases there have soared over the past few weeks to an average of 737,000 per day. the number of americans in hospital with covid is over 142,000. it's never been higher and it's increased 83% in the last two weeks. the us chief medical advisor anthony fauci has been giving evidence to a congressional committee on the current state of play. here's his response to a question on the importance of vaccinations. if

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we all know that the surface of the earth is getting warmer.life more difficult for everyone. except superman. because you see superman, you know what, never mind, never mind. but while we're worried about the outside of the planet getting too hot, now it units out we also have to worry about the inside of the planet getting too cold. >> new this morning, earth's core is cooling faster than scientists initially thought. >> researchers made the discovery while studying a mineral found between the earth's core and mantle. scientists say as the earth cools it will eventually lose its magnetic field and-- and-- -- years from now. >> yeah, believe it or not scientists say that the earth's core is cooling faster than we thought. >> look guys, i will be real with you, i didn't even know that the core was cooling in the first place. you know sometimes i feel like living on earth is like owning your first home, there is always something new that is random and breaking and you just have a plumber coming in, so it units out the pipes in your light switche