so yes so the earth acquired its cooled down. the earth cooled down. the heating by by asteroids and meteorites became more manageable and and water came to earth. so this is what happens during the early times. all right. you can other potential cosmic life perhaps have formed with entirely different mechanisms, building blocks, different than the earth path of organic radio, rna, amino acids and other nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. oxygen based compounds. yes, it extremely good question. and we devote a full chapter this called life. we don't know it. so experiments are being done as we speak on trying to generate other types of things. for example, to generate other types membranes of cells, to generate the where different realities. that of course, is true to generate molecules different than dna. jake shostak, my coauthor and lab that really managed to show that there some molecules that may work even better than dna in in storing information so that could happen now people have also other questions such could life have been based for example on s

. ., higher than if they were here on earth-— higher than if they were here on earth. ., ., ., , on earthere is a personal site here i there is a personal site here too — we saw footage of suni williams and butch wilmore having their thanksgiving meal in space, these floating packets of food, they'll now be spending christmas and new year's away from their families. how difficult can that be? ~ families. how difficult can that be?— families. how difficult can that be? ~ , ., that be? when i flew my long duration flight, _ that be? when i flew my long duration flight, it _ that be? when i flew my long duration flight, it was - that be? when i flew my long | duration flight, it was october to april, so we spent the holidays are too. it's just something that's a part of the job, and it's ok. you missed birthdays may be with your family, you missed the holidays, like christmas and thanksgiving, new year's, things like that. but it's just ok. this isjust part things like that. but it's just ok. this is just part of the job, and it's pretty thrilling to be up in space.- job, and it's pretty thr

now i don't know exactly what the 1st rocks on earth looks like, nor do we know exactly how old the earth is. and only the moon could tell us that more. that means looking into the past. and if we have manual material from the moon, then we also know what magnet was composed of right at the very beginning. but back when the earth was very young and the moon formed in suddenly the maxima, 400 people, the apollo crate is located in the a can base and china's most recent luna pro chung to 6, retrieve some polls from this crater full robots work together to make that possible. the space pro reach the moon's obits in early may 2024. it took just on the 3 we seeks to touch down at its destination and drop off the land. a robots which reach the luminous, faced on june the 1st, the months in advance. a relay satellite was positioned and luna obits to transmit the data to us. radios taking those comp reach the false side of the moon directly using a special digging device. and a drill the line to robot collected around 2 kilograms of rocks on polls, the a transpose, and then carry that precious ca

— fed back to earth? well, the robe fed back to earth? well, the probe goes _ fed back to earth?, the probe goes so close to - fed back to earth? well, the probe goes so close to the l fed back to earth? well, the i probe goes so close to the sun that it has no cameras to look directly at the sun, the amount of energy is just so high it would fry the cameras so what it is measuring our particles, electrons, protons, other things coming off the surface of the sun in the solar wind, the magnetic field, and also the magnetic field, and also the amount of energy it is receiving at different wavelengths from the sun. not taking pictures but measuring that energy. and then what we are actually doing at the european space agency with the mission called solar orbiter is measuring how that changes as it moves towards the earth. so measuring very close into the sun where, as in your piece, the energy rises enormously, the energy rises enormously, the temperature rises from only a few thousand degrees to millions of degrees in that very narrow range. how does that then propagate all the way

we have to save earth. we've sent robotic probes to all of the planets in this solar system, this is the good one. and we must save it, we cannot -- look, we can live, we can choose how we want to live. it is not impossible, if you think about climate change and so on, some of the issues that we face here, because of the way we're doing things currently, you could imagine a world with enough technological sophistication where we can turn earth into sort of a giant spaceship, you know, like, air conditioned -- >> fantastical, i know. >> air conditioned planet and kind of pave the whole thing and turn it -- that -- that's a bad future. we don't need to do that. turning earth into, you know, take the whole thing and turning it into a human construct and destroying this natural ecosystem when it's so unique and -- that's not the right way to do it. we should move all that off earth. and we will, but we won't do it the wrong way. and you know why we won't? because humans value beauty and art. i have a ranch in w

one planet earth, if you _ questions? yes, absolutely. one planet earth, if you go _ questions? questions? yes, absolutely. one planet earth, if you go up in - planet earth, if you go up in an aeroplane and you fly higher and higher in our atmosphere it gets colder and colder. but the opposite is true with the sun. the atmosphere around the sun is called the corona. it is 1000 times hotter than the surface of the sun. the sun is already incredibly hot, it is 5500 celsius. but in the middle of this corona we believe it is “p of this corona we believe it is up to 1 of this corona we believe it is up to1 million of this corona we believe it is up to 1 million or 2 of this corona we believe it is up to1 million or 2 million celsius and we don't understand why, what is causing that to get so much hotter than the surface of the sun. the early results from the parker solar probe suggest it is to do with the magnetic field, it is all turned and twisted on the surface, which we see as sun spots which create these big solar flares that we get to appreciate here on earth as those gorgeous

the famous christmas carol, once in royal david's city, reminds us, our saviour holy came down to earthrom heaven, lived among the poor and mean and lowly, and transformed the lives of those he met through god's redeeming love. that is the heart of the nativity story. and we can hear its beat in the belief of all the great faiths, in the love and mercy of god, in times ofjoy and suffering, calling us to bring light where there is darkness. all of us go through some form of suffering at some stage in our life, be it mental or physical. the degree to which we help one another, and draw support from each other, be we people of faith or of none, is a measure of our civilisation as nations. this is what continually impresses me, as my family and i meet with and listen to those who dedicate their lives to helping others. i am speaking to you today from the chapel of the former middlesex hospital in london, now itself a vibrant community space, and thinking especially of the many thousands of professionals and volunteers here in the united kingdom, and across the commonwealth, who, with their

columbia is now in orbit, circling the earth at an altitude of approximately 150 miles. the bay doors will now be opened. hey, the forecast coming up now. roger, copy. your missing warrant site. oh that is really beautiful out there. now, we appreciate those updates. both doors have been open. the radiators can be deployed to begin dissipating the heat colors. all opened up and hunky dory. classic right on time. and the radiators good. okay we want to show you all right here. we do have a tile missing off of both of them. off of the starboard pod, three tile and some smaller pieces and all support pod looks like i see the whole square and looks like a few little triangular seats that are missing and we're kind of put that on tv right now roger grip we can see that good. from what we can see both wings top that. there matches all the of all of her fully intact within minutes an assessment is completed on the impact these missing tiles could have on the remainder of. the mission figure how critical. at a news conference later in the day, flight director hutcheson answers q

columbia is now in orbit, circling the earth at an altitude of approximately 150 miles. the bay doors will now be opened. hey, the forecast coming up now. roger, copy. your missing warrant site. oh that is really beautiful out there. now, we appreciate those updates. both doors have been open. the radiators can be deployed to begin dissipating the heat colors. all opened up and hunky dory. classic right on time. and the radiators good. okay we want to show you all right here. we do have a tile missing off of both of them. off of the starboard pod, three tile and some smaller pieces and all support pod looks like i see the whole square and looks like a few little triangular seats that are missing and we're kind of put that on tv right now roger grip we can see that good. from what we can see both wings top that. there matches all the of all of her fully intact within minutes an assessment is completed on the impact these missing tiles could have on the remainder of. the mission figure how critical. at a news conference later in the day, flight director hutcheson answers q

we were able to re-create the problems here on earth and now we know the root cause and this has allowed us to devise a plan forward, which we are going to share with you today. this morning, we have concluded the executive council. this was after we had an independent review team, we had the deputies meeting, we had the agency bosses meeting all of them made a unanimous recommendation to the executive council of which it is my responsibility as the chairman to accept or not those recommendations. based on the data, we have decided nasa unanimously in our decision-makers to move forward with the current artemis two orion capsule and heat shield with a modified entry trajectory. later on, they will get into the specifics of how you modify the entry so that you lessen the heat coming back into the earth's atmosphere. additionally, we need to complete our updates to the orion environmental controls in the life support systems that are identified earlier this year and that is a very important part. the life support system of artemis two needs to be checked out. that's a very important role a

to wilmore can come back to earth in maybe april-— in maybe april.space _ in maybe april. to what extent is this all on space x, - in maybe april. to what extent is this all on space x, a - is this all on space x, a private firm?— is this all on space x, a private firm? reliance on sacex private firm? reliance on spacex and _ private firm? reliance on spacex and boeing - private firm? reliance on spacex and boeing who l private firm? reliance on i spacex and boeing who had private firm? reliance on - spacex and boeing who had the initial problem initially. this is problem with the strategy within that it would contract within that it would contract with private companies to provide transport services and in no way the strategy is working because they have a choice when there was a problem with boeing they could send a spacex craft to collect suni williams and butch wilmore the issue here is spacex is having this scale up so that having a fit example of their dragon spacecraft and that's the one thatis spacecraft and that's the one that is had some de

in 2023, the total number of satellite circling earth tops 7500. it's big business for rocket builders. this commercial use of space has been dubbed new space and germany wants to be part of it. its new space initiative was founded in berlin in 2021. as part of the federation of german industries it's a market that's already worth billions. as more and more sectors depend on digital networks, as the initiative leader mathias of asked to explains this and, and that's in all these days, the exchange of data happens largely via satellites in a space based system tested, isn't that so that's why a new space is a key issue for the entire credit of germany in australia and why we're so committed suicide to email on this. i believe it holds great potential for german industry and for the future and competitiveness of german industry. so the vet setups phase kind of got you to see the rocket factory out. spork is one of 3 german startups developing small rockets to transport satellites. no one is willing to show their hand and everyone wants to be 1st. you

but near earth, orbits vital for satellites or not. these orbits are seen as key for the successive efforts toward greener digital future. we're satellite infrastructure to fail. much of modern life would be paralyzed. the austrian space form is well aware of the issue, commissions by an investor, they're working on solutions as you see now, going into a most sensitive rooms and here with building testing and developing hardware that will actually fly in space. like this is candace. he said no, the simulation, it's the real thing. clicking on the somebody. let's take a look at the sensor. thank you. the originally is currently flying 500 kilometers above us, searching for space to break comfortable. so it takes the smallest particles moving at high speeds in low a little bit. but the now case we want to be here for you and i'll look at all the austrian space form has specialized in tracking the smallest pieces of space debris. to do this, they develop special circuit boards, but listen in space like a microphone. if this technology wor

on planet earth, if you go absolutely. on planet earth, if you 9° up absolutely.th, if you go up in an aeroplane and fly higher and higher in our atmosphere, it gets colder and colder. the opposite is true with the sun. there is a region around the sun, the atmosphere that is called the corona. it is 1000 times hotter than the surface of the sun. as the sun is already incredibly hot, the surface of the sun is 5500 celsius but in the middle of this corona that we believe it gets up to i that we believe it gets up to 1 million or 2 million celsius and we don't understand why, what is causing that to get so much hotter than the surface of the sun. the early results from the probe is to suggest it is to do with the magnetic field, it gets all turned and twisted on the surface which we see as sunspots which create these big solar flares that we get appreciate here on earth as those gorgeous northern lights, the aurora we have had a lot of this year. but there is a lot we don't understand about how it all works, how it could be fuelling this hot atmosphere around the su

than here on earth. ., ., ., , on earth.ith these floating packets of food are now spending christmas and new year away from their family. how difficult can that be?- difficult can that be? sure. when -- — difficult can that be? sure. when -- when _ difficult can that be? sure. when -- when i _ difficult can that be? sure. when -- when i flew- difficult can that be? sure. when -- when i flew my i difficult can that be? sure. i when -- when i flew my long when —— when i flew my long duration fright it was from october to april so we spend those holidays away too, something part of the job and it is ok. you must birthdays may be with your family, the holidays, like christmas, thanksgiving, new year, things like that, but it is ok. this is part of the job and it is pretty thrilling to be in space so it is worth it.— so it is worth it. before i let ou so it is worth it. before i let you go. _ so it is worth it. before i let you go. i — so it is worth it. before i let you go. i saw— so it is worth it. before i let you go, i saw h

how old the earth is. and only the moon could tell us that more. that means looking into the past. and if we have manual material from the moon, then we also know what magnet was composed of right at the very beginning. but back when the earth was very young and the moon formed in suddenly the maxima, 400 people, the apollo crate is located in the a can base and china's most recent luna pro chung to 6, retrieve some polls from this creates a full re box work together to make that possible, the space pro reach the moons obits in early may 2024. it took just on the 3 weeks to touch down at its destination and drop off the land, a robots which reached the luminous face on june the 1st, the months in advance. a relay satellite was positioned and luna obits to transmit the data to us. radio signals comp reach the false side of the moon directly using a special digging device. and a drill the line to robot collected around 2 kilograms of rocks. some polls the a transpose, and then carry that precious call. go ba

which we can see from earth during a total solar eclipse.w data from this very, incredibly close approach to the sun, just touching the surface of that corona, is going to hopefully give us a lot more information about exactly what's going on in our beautiful, beautiful sun that heats up and gives us light. close up, the sun's magnetic field twists and lifts its explosive surface. it's hoped that the solar probe will shed light on the processes that make this happen and how this solar turbulence affects us on earth. but they'll have to wait until the 1st of january before they see the initial data. pallab ghosh, bbc news. and pallabjoins me now. when i first saw this story, my thought was, how did it not melt?! an amazing achievement but so close to the sun. haw but so close to the sun. how did it not _ but so close to the sun. how did it not melt?! _ but so close to the sun. how did it not melt?! obviously, | but so close to the sun. how did it not melt?! obviously, it was designed not to melt. it has an experimental heat shield that keeps

the message of the angels to the shepherds, that there should be peace on earth, in fact echoes through all faiths and philosophies. it rings true to this day for people of goodwill across the world. and so, it is with this in mind that i wish you, and all those you love, a mostjoyful and peaceful christmas. # once in royal david's city # stood a lowly cattle shed # where a mother laid her baby # in a manger for his bed # mary for his bed # mary was that mother mild # jesus christ her little child # he came down to earth from heaven # who is lord and god of all # and his shelter was a stable # and his cradle was a stall # with the poor, and mean, and lowly # lived on earth our saviour holy # and our eyes at last shall see him # through his own redeeming love # for that child so dear and gentle # is our lord in heaven above # and he leads his children on # to the place where he is gone # not in that poor lowly stable # with the oxen standing by # we shall see him, but in heaven # sat at god's right hand on high # where like stars, his children crowned # all in white shall waitaround.# he

because earth is too noisy. we can't have it in space because it's too hard to, you know, make complicated things. i'll bet james webb is the most complicated of things we have ever flown. so it's just it's it's very fascinating account on how the discussion from the director the community to nasa's review to the congress across the board went. yeah. yeah. it was it was so much information. but i finally condensed it down to 2 to 2 chapters and and it was just yeah. i mean, you just have to the highlights. and as i said earlier, i, i chose one person to represent the process of coming up with the vision for it, two people actually and then another person who later became the chief engineer for the project and. i kind of follow his trajectory and his travails as he as he goes through the process of leading up to the launch. and then after launch, too, which was a nervous period because who knew if it was actually going to work, but it actually went very smoothly, but remarkably, even the first picture, if you wan

how old the earth is. and only the moon could tell us that more. that means looking into the past. and if we have manual material from the moon, then we also know what magnet was composed of right at the very beginning. but back when the earth was very young and the moon formed in suddenly the maxima, 400 people, the apollo crate is located in the a can base and china's most recent luna pro chung to 6, retrieve some polls from this crater full robots worked together to make that possible. the space pro reach the moon's old bridge in early may 2024. it took just on the 3 we seeks to touch down at its destination and drop off the land, a robots which reach the luminous face on june the 1st, the months in advance. a relay satellite was positioned and luna obits to transmit the data to us. radio signals comp reach the false side of the moon directly using a special digging device. and a drill the line to robot collected around 2 kilograms of rocks. some polls the a transpose, and then carry that precious call.

the total number of satellites circling, earth topped $7500.00. it's big business for rocket builders. this commercial use of space has been dubbed new space and germany wants to be part of it. its new space initiative was founded in berlin in 2021. as part of the federation of german industries it's a market that's already worth billions. as more and more sectors depend on digital networks. as the initiative leader mathias of asked to explains this and that's and all of these days the exchange of data happens largely via satellites in a space based system test to that. so that's why a new space is a key issue for the entire credit of germany. in those areas and why we're so committed suicide on this. i believe it holds great potential for german industry and for the future and competitiveness of german industry. so when you get that up, so i started watching to see rocket factory. alex bork, is one of 3 german startups developing small rockets to transport satellites. no one is willing to show their hand and everyone wants to be 1st. you covenant

we on earth are about 93 million miles away from the sun.vents, as pallab ghosh reports. it seems like science fiction — sending an un—crewed spacecraft to the sun. nasa's parker solar probe was designed to withstand its scorching heat. but could it? nasa has now confirmed that it has. the spacecraft sent back a beacon signal indicating that it survived the closest ever approach to the sun. we have never had a human—made object so close to the sun. also, we had to not melt, that's why the parker has this heat shield that holds the instruments at room temperature and keeps the heat of the sun away. and these are just amazing feats, and so it's so amazing that we were so close and really getting to measure in detail this material up close. lift off of the mighty delta iv heavy rocket... there have been many missions to study the sun but there's so much more we can learn — especially the sun's atmosphere, which we can see from earth shimmering during a total solar eclipse. this new data from this very, incredibly close approach to the sun, just

we think earth formed 4500000000 years ago. so that means we're very, very close to saying what happened in the beginning fund. casias. china is chung define flu deprived, launched in november 2020 its mission to bring some pulse back to us around 5 decade south to the last depaula emissions. the talkative location was specifically chosen to provide missing data understanding gaps in what we already know. chunk of 5 landed in a volcanic area and collected almost 2 kilograms of dustin drugs. the long journey has its success. a chunk of 6 was launched at the beginning of may 2024, to collect trucks for the 1st time from the fall side of the mood. geologists have been eager to have them for decades. the in labs here on us main rocks could be examined with a range of highly sensitive methods, able to precisely determine the age and composition. even just looking at it in that light microscope told experts and lots about the rocks, history, and development. the composition of the minerals and this size showed, for example, what dept