there was something that stalin wanted from them in eastern europe. in the pacific, it's very clear, he wanted territories and he was prepared to send his army into the battle. in eastern europe, he needed legitimacy and recognition, international recognition, for his territorial acquisitions. and that's what they could give him and play some sorts of games and that's what the negotiations about polish government were about. that's why he tried to say, i didn't interfere with what you did in paris and france. he was saying that but he didn't -- there was still a have a near of diplomacy and negotiations and so on and so forth because he needed international legitimacy. >> let me also add to what michael said, there might have been a bit of guilt on churchill's part. i think they could be fleshed out a bit more. stalin dies on -- i think it was march 5th, 1953. and churchill comes out and says this will be a good opportunity to meet the new leadership at the highest level, meaning another kind of summit meeting, and i think he was trying to sort of res

don't mind, gunter, i'll hop on one of those, you talk about the yalta myths, the selling out of eastern europe, the selling poland down the river, or, you know, any of the other ethnic groups, eastern european ethnic groups that livid in cleveland with me. there's also the -- serhii, you had to answer this as well, there's also the roosevelt was sick, he wasn't up to it. there's stalin looking in final fetal. churchill's kind of depressed and there's roosevelt, clearly the man is looking on death's door. as he was on death's door. but i love the fact that you set a graduate student task of writing a research paper on this, looking at word counts and the looking at the depth and the size of roosevelt's interventions. i think that's another one that, look, we can stand here until doomsday, it didn't matter that much, people are still going to ask you, the fact that roosevelt was sick at yalta, was that crucial? >> yeah, regarding the poles in particular, on the one hand, of course, it's not a myth that the big three gathered together and decided the future of europe without much consultation wit

the town of buczacz is in eastern europe.nd so the first reason to choose that sound -- found is that it was representative of hundreds of such towns all over eastern europe, from the baltics to the balkans. there was a mixed population of jews, poles, ukrainian's, gallery shuns, lithuanian's, latvian's, and so forth, remain eons, and which people had lived side by side for a very long time, and in which everything changed during world war two. it was also the areas where most jews lived. for the war. and where most jews were murdered during the war. so this was reasonable to choose one town in eastern europe, but why this town? well, i knew something about that town. most of you probably don't know this individual, but he is actually the only hebrew language author to receive the nobel prize in literature in 1966. he's an absolutely amazing writer. we reading one of his novels right now because he's an amazing writer. he was born in buczacz. much of what he wrote was about that town. he wrote about it not only as his home to

but unrest went to eastern europe like hoover aide went to hungry and eastern europe, places like thathank you. the next question is ahead for you. doctor bischof, looking at the map of europe, it is easy to understand why a lot of those eastern european countries came under soviet domination, because the red army was there. but czechoslovakia is in great measure as far west as austria, yes prague is west of vienna, that's what they said after the war. >> when you travel from vienna to prague, you go west. i'm under the impression that -- was prepared to enter czechoslovakia and could have occupied prague before the soviets got there and they were called back. in any event my question to you is why did a different result happen in czechoslovakia, then in austria, did they not divide czechoslovakia into two states the way it exists now with czechoslovakia, and -- on the eastern side, with different reference. >> that is a long question but a good one. so czechoslovakia also had a free election after the were like hungry. but the interesting thing is that in that election of i believe sp

eastern europe and parts- countries? there are so many. eastern europe and parts of. countries?on. there are many countries that do not have the support because their gdp is over a particular threshold level and do not have the sort of resources of the industrialised countries. there are many countries that come into that sort of band. they will be harder pushed to be able to firstly get a vaccine and also, if they do not have seasonal influenza vaccine programmes, they do not have the ability to vaccinate their older at—risk people. so i think that the world is better than it could have been insofar as we have got things like covax and we have got garvey, but there is a long way to go before everyone is protected and safe through vaccination. so everyone is protected and safe through vaccination.— everyone is protected and safe through vaccination. so joe biden is sa in: that through vaccination. so joe biden is saying that in _ through vaccination. so joe biden is saying that in his _ through vaccination. so joe biden is saying that in his first _ through vaccination. so joe b

they lent it to eastern europe and brought it to palestine. that's one issue.cond issue, you know, until about 15 years ago, this was the general argument with, well, the arabs fled because their leaders promised them that they would come back then and take over the land. why am i saying that this was thought until about 15 years ago? because about 15 years ago a book by a historian was out on the right wing14a documented precisely what happened in 1948 and the documents he uses are documents of the idf and israeli government. the fed forces and of the israeli government and documented the fact that most of the arabs were either expelled or frightened into expulsion. the killing where about 100 more or less 100 arab civilians, mostly civilians were killed by other forces that came there and scare the hell out of many arabs because they understood that if they stay, they may be killed. the neighborhood where i grew up is right next to where there was a palestinian village. where now the university of tel aviv is. and the people of that place were scared off. it'

behind that line lay all of the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern europe.warsaw, berlin, prague, vienna, bucharest, belgrade, and sofia. all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in but i must called the soviets affair. all of our subjects in one form or another not only to soviet influence, but to a very high, and in some cases increasing measure of control from moscow. truman was publicly noncommittal. he denied, however, implausibly any knowledge of what churchill was going to say. he was president of the united states. but on that day he was a supporting player to the most famous statesman on earth. did he feel as the british journalist, alistair koch, suspected at the time, wistful envy in the immense shadow of churchill? koch thought leader that the truman doctrine was conceived as the president listen to churchill's call to action. one could only wonder that there is a pleasing historical symmetry to the fact that precisely when you are leader, the president would announce his own vision for confronting the new scourge of communist

is basically dortmund is the gateway to eastern europe they are often trips which have to be made on their business trips and that's why that kind of traffic is pretty stable for carol a current of ira's test center has moved into the arrivals area making camp where car rentals are normally found every passenger landing and dart board is tested about a 1000 every day that gives an idea of what still is operating despite the gaping emptiness of the departure halls for the airport chief a sign of hope. it progress would also want is in an excellent position because we're home to a very stable and very professional airlines and that office growth potential after the crisis as well as works and support and so on are. the nearest airport to dortmund is part of born lipstadt 70 kilometers east of what is hibernating the last scheduled jet landed here in late november the next 1 isn't expected until the end of march. the art business jet passes through but even before the pandemic there wasn't enough passengers coming through to keep the airport going. like other airports we are being hit v

i'm in the is basically the gateway to eastern europe there are often trips which have to be made on business trips and that's why that kind of traffic is pretty stable. a corner of ours test center has moved into the arrivals area making camp where car rentals are normally found every passenger landing in dortmund is tested about a 1000 every day that gives an idea of what still is operating despite the gaping emptiness of the departure halls for the airport chief a sign of hope. in an excellent position because we're home to a very stable and very professional airlines and that office growth potential after the crisis as well as works in support of. the nearest airport to dortmund is part of borne lipstadt 70 kilometers east of what is hibernating the last scheduled jet landed here in late november the next 1 isn't expected until the end of march. the our business jet passes through but even before the pandemic there wasn't enough passengers coming through to keep the airport going. like other airports we are being hit very hard we're using the time to reposition ourselves we're go

austria is not part of it and certainly in terms of the future influence taking over in eastern europeas very important what was agreed upon by these two leaders in moscow. did roosevelt know about it? yes, he did and he reported back to washington and since roosevelt did not outrightly reject the percentages, stalin was left to indeed it was sort of the agreement between the big three. so ladies and gentlemen, i think i'm going to stop here and this is the pre-yalta conference that took place where many of the important decisions that would figure at yalta, on germany and the post-world order on the united nations and if it was not already agreed upon it was discussed. it was ongoing with the whole war and yalta, of course, we continued those discussions. so thank you for your attention and if there are questions and i can answer them i would be happy to answer them. >> doctor, thank you very much for starting us off here. ladies and gentlemen, i'll be walking through the crowd with a microphone. i ask that you please stand before you ask your question. sir, stalin's refusal to leave

for much of eastern and central europe victory brought the iron rule of another empire, ve day markedthe end of fascism. but it did not end oppression. the agreement at yalta followed in the unjust tradition of munich and the molotov ribbon pact. once again, when powerful governments negotiated the freedom of small nations was somehow expendable. yet this attempt to sacrifice freedom for the sake of stability left a continent divided and unstable. the captivity of millions in central and eastern europe will be remembered as one of the great wrongs of history. this speech that must be said excited much comment. though it was perhaps the seventh time that bush had criticized the yalta conference in public remarks, even ronald reagan, one of the staunchest cold warriors had never rendered such a judgment in a formal statement. opinions were divided naturally with the number of historians criticizing the remarks. john lewis gattos called them a bit much and david kennedy said this was a stick to beat the democrats up with in the mccarthy era. the columnist and chronicler of the ukraine fa

yet come to the streets in the way that you've seen people come the streets in ukraine or in eastern europe earlier in the ninety's or in many maybe even belarus ok but the question is going to be is does that younger generation now come out and it was interesting 2 things about the protests on saturday one was the numbers that you cited 100 cities all across russia that's pretty widespread the 2nd issue i thought was kind of interesting is that when you watch the protest the protesters were pushing back. in the past if you watched russian protest the protesters are relatively docile i mean they don't really push back in the way that i think we saw on saturday and that might be of concern to russian security services ok very important point. is up next 1st of all the control power in russia for 2 decades but his leadership has become increasingly authoritarian and now for the 1st time there appears to be a real challenge of his dominance. he is the pop star of the russian opposition. is mobilizing people across the country is a russia free from corruption and rooted. in video posted on the.

it also went to eastern europe just like hoover aid went to hungary and eastern europe, places like thatthank you. the next question is about dead ahead for you. >> dr. bischof, looking at the map of europe, it's easy to understand why a lot of those eastern european countries came under soviet domination because the red army was there. but czechoslovakia is in great measure is as far west as austria. >> yeah, prague is west of vienna, that's what they said after the war. >> exactly right. as you travel from vienna to prague you go west. so i was under the impression that patton's third army was prepared to enter czechoslovakia and could have occupied prague before the soviets got there and they were called back. in any event, my question to you is why did a different result happen in the -- in czechoslovakia than in austria? why, for instance for instan, d divide czechoslovakia into two states the way it exists now with the czech republic and slovakia on the eastern side with different realms of influence? thank you. >> yeah, that's a longish question but a good one. so czechoslovakia a

yet come to the streets in the way that you've seen people come the streets in ukraine or in eastern europe earlier in the ninety's or maybe even ok but the question is going to be is does that younger generation now come out and i think it was interesting 2 things about the protests on saturday one was the numbers that you cited 100 cities all across russia that's pretty widespread the 2nd issue i thought was kind of interesting is that when you watch the protest the protesters were pushing back in the past if you watched russian protest the protesters are relatively docile i mean they don't really push back in the way that i think we saw happening on saturday and that might be of concern to russian security services ok very important point. is up next 1st of all the controls power in russia for 2 decades but his leadership has become increasingly authoritarian and now for the 1st time there appears to be a real challenge it's in his dominance. he is the pop star of the russian opposition. is mobilizing people across the country is a russia free from corruption and putin. video posted on t

yet come to the streets in the way that you've seen people come the streets in ukraine or in eastern europe earlier in the ninety's or in many maybe even belarus ok but the question is going to be is does that younger generation now come out and it was interesting 2 things about the protests on saturday one was the numbers that you cited 100 cities all across russia that's pretty widespread the 2nd issue i thought was kind of interesting is that when you watch the protest the protesters were pushing back. in the past if you watched russian protest the protesters are relatively docile i mean they don't really push back in the way that i think we saw happen on saturday and that might be of concern to russian security services ok very important points down here is up next 1st of all the control of power in russia for 2 decades but his leadership has become increasingly authoritarian and now for the 1st time there appears to be a real challenge of. the pop star of the russian opposition. is mobilizing people across the country is a russia free from corruption and putin. video posted on. the lon

yet come to the streets in the way that you've seen people come the streets in ukraine or in eastern europe earlier in the ninety's or maybe even ok but the question is going to be a younger generation now come out and it was interesting 2 things about the protests on saturday one was the numbers that you cited 100 cities all across russia that's pretty widespread the 2nd issue i thought was kind of interesting is that when you watch the protest the protesters were pushing back in the past if you watched russian protest the protesters are relatively docile i mean they don't really push back in the way that i think we saw happening on saturday and that might be of concern to russian security services ok very important point. is up next 1st of all the controls power in russia for 2 decades but his leadership has become increasingly authoritarian and now for the 1st time there appears to be a real challenge of his dominance. he is the pop star of the russian opposition. is mobilizing people across the country is a russia free from corruption and putin. video posted on a. graduate explains how.

conflict between the us and china is the off shoring of production and capital into china and eastern europe that productivity will rise there is bound to be more pressure and shift production to a low-wage economy and then to make profits to reduce unit labor cost domestically showing the increase in aging and then we'll have much higher taxes and lower expenditure and it is poisonous. with the results the very few political systems will move sufficiently to raise taxation and those expenditures to the extent necessary to stabilize debt and reduce deficits to the necessary extent. so we fear that inflation may be necessary in order to bring about a reduction of debt and with the political pressures of the short-term interest rates. and that fragility of the private sector in the high debt ratio the sector makes it very very difficult for central banks to go quickly. so in this underlying structural location what we have is a pandemic and the politics are raising faster and about two or three times at a rate greater than before. meanwhile, many of the sectors which have been shut down to bui

eastern europe. they demanded that every displaced person, except for the jews, and those who had been displaced by franco years before. every displaced person should go home. whether they wanted to or not, they had to go home. the allies said no, the americans and the british said no! people have the right to choose their own citizenship whether they wanted to go home or not. the soviets were convinced, there was a paranoia that has some basis in reality, after the great war world war i the allies tried to over throw the bolshevik regime. and stalin and some of his compatriots believed that that was a real possibility after world war ii, and what the alleys were doing with the british and the americans were doing, was creating an army of anti- soviet, anti- communist dissidents that would be available to spread anti-soviet propaganda, and or begin world war iii. >> so i want to talk a little bit about what you mentioned in passing about the establishment of these international institutions to deal w

it is hard to see how europe can fully recover, as long as eastern europe remains at the present low had my ideas pretty well sortedçjne]ts out by the time ti went to visit our airmen at their base. europe has recovered. the 1938 level but that's not enough. in europe, the greater population and more social justice must have a far higher production level. above all, there must be greater integration. our men knew this. you can go ahead and ask questions. >> mrs. roosevelt, did you see a definite improvement in these countries visited? receiving martial aid. >> yes, i have taken particular trouble to see our people everywhere, and to actually ask. nations have done different things in different countries. i think eca has done a really outstanding job. i am not sure that everywhere, they would be ready to stand on their own feet. [applause] i have been on a very short trip but i've been to a number of countries, and one impression is clear. the interdependence of these nations, i personally believe we must continue, but they must work closer together. the key word integration. and the

i'm in the is basically the gateway to eastern europe there are often trips which have to be made their business trips and that's why that kind of traffic is pretty stable. a corner of ira's test center has moved into the arrivals area making camp where car rentals are normally found every passenger landing and dart board is tested about a 1000 every day that gives an idea of what still is operating despite the gaping emptiness of the departure halls for the airport chief a sign of hope. in an excellent position because we're home to a very stable and very professional airlines and that office growth potential after the crisis as well as like some sports and. the nearest airport to dortmund is part of borne lipstadt 70 kilometers east of what is hibernating the last scheduled jet landed here in late november the next 1 isn't expected until the end of march the our business jet passes through but even before the pandemic there wasn't enough passengers coming through to keep the airport going. like other airports we are being hit very hard we're using the time to reposition ourselves we'r

snow has stopped falling but the air is over it is cold that's feeding down into the rest of eastern europe dotted lows all over the place and it's cold it's going to be snowy not excessively certain thing unless you bring a frontal system into it then it may well snow across significantly particularly over the alps outbreaks of light the stove in most places not part of eastern europe until the cold gets down to the warmish waters of the mediterranean we always turned into something rather more substantial space in those still covered in snow is now enjoying sunshine for a couple of days of the action is going to be most definitely further east you go across the bed of the north coast of africa as well so as a look at that this is the picture then for saturday stormy weather seems like if the g. and as the east medical cyprus into the levant that is cold enough over turkey to produce an awful lot more snow high temperature in istanbul only about 4 degrees and that drops and this is all going to be rain of course except in the bekaa valley for example risto seems likely. american people hav

confident in the atlantic goes down to the mediterranean then dives and moves northwards through eastern europe now this is active stuff is windy and wet this is slow moving and you can see there are lows all over the place so there are breaks of snow currently this one system coming into the british isles in france as well in germany going up through part of the baltic states and then there's the one that's the western windy one through italy and the atrium. attic luxemburg represents what's happening really over the european plain so snow snow showers or snow so pretty gray skies versatile and cold subzero beinart but the radioactive stuff with potential damage i think with the strength the winds coming in particular the foundation coast is this stuff here so it's really rain or snow at heart and then across the balkans right on the coast and snow it's hard once more that's the case for the next couple of days sarajevo represents this sort of weather sleet becoming snow says drop in temperature there because subzero the sun comes out on wednesday the wind by that time much lighter some of it

more damage was being done to the fragile economies of the third world, emerging democracies of eastern europe, to the entire world, including to our own economy. the united states, together with the united nations, exhausted every means at our disposal to bring this crisis to a peaceful end. however, saddam clearly felt that by stalling and threatening and defying the united nations, he could weaken the forces arrayed against him. while the world waited, saddam husseim met every overture of peace with open contempt. while the world prayed for peace, saddam prepared for war. i had hoped that when the united states congress, in historic debate, took its resolute action, saddam would realize he could not prevail and would move out of kuwait in accord with the united nation resolutions. he did not do that. instead, he remained intransigent, certain that time was on his side. saddam was warned over and over again to comply with the will of the united nations. leave kuwait or be driven out. saddam has arrogantly rejected all warnings. instead, he tried to make this a dispute between iraq and the un

don't you think that antisemitism in germany was far less than that of in france, russia and eastern europe> these are good questions. >> you know in the 19th century and popular. >> on the first one, it's always hard to say what could've happened if it didn't. it's very hard to imagine hitler going into power without the depression. without, it you'd be getting into alternative history. it didn't happens it's hard to say because it didn't happen. but without the depression, it's almost unthinkable i would some say of hitler coming to power. because you could see that, the 1923 the nazis do very well in the election in 24. by december, they're already losing a lot as the economy is getting better. then they're going way way down again and it takes the depression to get the nazi's getting the most votes they will ever get. i think it would be hard to imagine that myself. what was the second question again? >> antisemitism in germany, as opposed to russia eastern europe in france in the 19th century and pre-hitler. >> it would be a guess when we go into the late 19th century. i'd be going bac

i'll give you one a couple of years ago there was a bad outbreak in eastern europe. at the time the world health organization had tweeted something like worse media outbreak and decade in this part of eastern europe, don't worry we are disseminating pamphlets, something along those lines, i'm paraphrasing. i'm like are you kidding me? these movements of anti- vaccine messages and vaccine hesitancy, they are not disseminating pamphlets to get their point across, they are sending videos of a mother crying the camera and telling because she's convinced her 3-year-old became autistic after getting the mmr vaccine. are you tell me that was a video like that some person in a story about a child crying super emotional you're going to counter that was some bullet points on the leaflet, that does not meet people where they are. and so some of what what really frustrates me is, i trained in medicine and medical school practices around the world we practice evidence-based medicine but not evidence-based communication. even though we note communication is make or break comes to

see countries where a small level of corruption is perceived by people living there for us and eastern europe about half way down the list of $180.00 countries that we have china and india at the bottom of the list are the countries perceived to be most corrupt by their citizens that's mainly parts of africa such as sudan south sudan and somalia as well as yemen and syria. let's discuss this with a regional advisor for southern africa transparency international which compiled this report thank you very much for joining us mr hooper are corrupt officials in africa taking advantage of the pandemic. well i mean that's that's really a really difficult question time so when i can say is that unfortunately there are thoughts of the prejudice perception and they came to a very bleak picture of an action against corruption in every africa sub-saharan africa plan for itself unfortunately yet again at the bottom of the index now what this means is that governments need to take very decisive action as soon as now to ensure that they can in his which happened ravished by the qubit 19 pandemic and ravaged

but, neither he, nor the rulers of eastern europe, could ignore. they couldn't ignore the much louder chants of demonstrators in the streets, and the churches and the schools and on the factories and the farms. a once-silent people found their voice, and with it, a battering ram to knock down walls, real and imagined. because of them, the political math of europe has been rewritten. what about the museum? well, if you go to the reagan museum, which i highly recommend, i think it's -- it's wonderful. i have been to many of them and i think the reagan museum is exceptional. when you go there, if you -- you come upon, if you get to these large foreign-policy section. and once you get through it, there is these doors, as you can see here from my amateur photography. and as you look through it, this big, sort of, video playing of reagan and gorbachev and what they did to basically bring about an end to the cold war through peaceful negotiations. and all of those exhibits emphasize reagan working with gorbachev. you know, negotiating, doing what they cou

and eastern europe about half way down the list of $180.00 countries that we have china and india at the bottom of the list are the countries perceived to be most corrupt by their citizens that's mainly parts of africa such as sudan south sudan and somalia as well as yemen and syria. let's discuss this with a regional advisor for southern africa at transparency international which compiled this report thank you very much for joining us mr are corrupt officials in africa taking advantage of the pandemic. well i mean that's that's really a really difficult question time whether i can say is that unfortunately there are thoughts of the correction especially and that change a very bleak picture of an action against corruption and africa sub-saharan africa where the unfortunate yet again at the bottom of it and takes now what this means is that governments need to take very defensive action as soon as now to ensure that they can in means which have been ravished by the hope at 19 pandemic and ravaged by huge incidences of corruption continually in relation to medical equipment and medical

but with the discovery of antibiotics phage is well forgotten in the western wild in parts of eastern europe they are still used successfully today and they are currently experiencing a renaissance in belgium the benefits we are hoping is that they will be able to help us combat those infections when to get excited enough anymore well. phage therapy be able to help polina. everyone know that we detected m.r.s.a. once before and now it's back to going on. m.r.s.a. stands for methicillin resistant staphylococcus oreos something many patients fear because it's a constant threat for hospital treatment surgeon bent and medical hygiene is to run hendrix other patients with dangerous germs in his sinuses but their hospital in the german dutch border region has a very special prescription for dealing with us the patient used to be a farmer and belongs to a high risk group because the germs are widespread in cattle stalls you see women often used to live on the farm do you have pigs or horses or what is on our farm hasn't had any pigs for a year unfortunately that doesn't help much it takes a lot of

yet come to the streets in the way that you've seen people come the streets in ukraine or in eastern europe earlier in the ninety's or maybe even ok but the question is going to be a younger generation now come out and it was interesting 2 things about the protests on saturday one was the numbers that you cited 100 cities all across russia that's pretty widespread the 2nd issue that was kind of interesting is that when you watch the protest the protesters were pushing back in the past if you watched russian protest the protesters are relatively docile i mean they don't really push back in the way that i think we saw happening on saturday and that might be of concern to russian security services ok very important point. is up next 1st of all the controls power in russia for 2 decades but his leadership has become increasingly authoritarian and now for the 1st time there appears to be a real challenge of his dominance. he is the pop star of the russian opposition. is mobilizing people across the country is. free from corruption and. video posted on the. graduate explains how. he has been expe

stalin basically got to keep his county in eastern europe.he red army would take over, it would be his to decide. so there was this euphoria to a degree. there is one exception. when it comes to the americans, we're not participants in the conference per se, but were there on the margins. and that growp9rpzz americans were the american airmen and also the ground specialists of the u.s. air force that were stationed in 1944 and 1945 at the three american air bases in today's ukraine. they are the main characters and heroes of my book, forgotten bastards of the eastern front, which is now written on kgb archives because americans were under surveillance. they knew after close of one year of being under soviet control, they were aware of what was being said and signed by the soviets was not exactly what had to happen. they knew about the major differences that existed between the allies, especially when it comes to questions of political culture, democracy and authoritarian regime. one of them, a farmer from illinois, left memoirs about that. he

rich but people of the below also in many ways corrupt fortunately not only in russia but in eastern europe they think it's normal it's a way of life in order to survive they don't think it's good think it's a way to survive what they say that they at the top should steal too many too much money now of course is. that corruption. is exploding at the top and this is what makes people of course a wonder whether. it's if a genuine viable alternative to the putin rule that we've seen now for 20 years i think it's too early to say i mean you do have. to see what happens on sunday i mean are you going to see the sort of evolution that you saw in belarus where people are prepared to go into the streets on a more regular basis i don't think at this point we can gauge how powerful the vollies pull that is but he's also going up against a very organized authoritarian system a very established police state that you know is going to push back. and that's going to be the clash i i personally i think putin made a tactical error i think arresting involving and evolving his return actually is put putin in

>> anti-semitism in germany as opposed to russia, eastern europe and france in the 19th century and evene-hitler. >> it would be a guess when i go into the late 19th century. i would be going back to some of the lectures that we did with austria, france and germany and -- but i didn't look into a lot of that early from the trial. ip tried to spend five years on 1924 and i felt like i have great respect for somebody who will take on a whole life. this is all in one year. and so i could look back to the early, the late 19th century, i'd have to think about it. i don't know off the top of my head. i have a guess of what the traditional answer is but i don't know enough myself to say how much worse it is. in germany and austria, i mean, france and austria, austria had the national socialists well before the germans. and a lot of the germans were looking elsewhere. a lot of the nazi party members weren't even german. hitler, austrian, hess was born out in egypt. putzy, in america for a long time. garings, a lot of the people that we think about, rozberg was from the baltics, and an arm of hit

thus surrendering a big chunk of postwar germany in eastern europe -- and eastern europe to the sovietsnow, there were always big problems with this thesis. by march of 1945, the beginning of march, so immediately after yalta, powerful soviet defenses had smashed their way already into the right itself and came to rest along the line of these rivers. just about, give or take, 50 miles from berlin. at the time, western allied forces under allied commander eisenhower were still stuck on the rhine, 300 miles away from berlin. this is where we are at the time and here's where the soviets are. there is a real discrepancy in who is closer to berlin. but soviet offensives had smashed their way deep into the right -- the reich itself. exposing the weakness of eastern pressure and palm rainy. coming to rest on this line. he seemed the german capital first was thus extremely unlikely for the western allies, short of some miracle. but it was also a highly risky operation that i would argue is sort of foreign to eisenhower's sober sense of strategy. eisenhower takes his share of risks during the wa

other piece of the soviet in german foreign ministers molotov and ribbentrop realign the map of eastern europe splitting it into german and soviet spheres of influence. no sooner had the molotov ribbentrop pact been signed then poland was split and in september of 1939 eastern poland awoke to be western ukraine and a part of the family of soviet republics and the u.s.s.r. . but even this bold dividing of lands and nations only delayed the inevitable germany broke its promise to the u.s.s.r. . on june 22nd 1941 germany invaded the u.s.s.r. launching barbara rossa the largest military operation in world history. barbara was aiming for st petersburg moscow and kiev ukraine 3 destinations of major significance. ukraine with its rich lands in resources was an important industrial and economic source for the u.s.s.r. to cut it off from the soviet union would strike a big blow indeed. for most of the soviet union the 2nd world war was about fighting the invaders of their land. but it wasn't quite so simple for ukraine the truth is ukraine has never been a united country. when world war 2 broke out a

especially eastern europe as you know you know memories attach a patient all that kind of thing now of course is transmogrified into a myth because of course nobody is writing hungry we don't have immigrants at all 0 immigration but this is the one topic one political topic anybody and everybody is discussing. the bombing. because there are no refugees and migrants currently in hungary because they not in the country victoria bonn had to kind of invent a new enemy in this new enemy became church. i am. sure they spread the message that to toss wants to bring refugees and migrants to europe in order to destroy the continent to destroy a nation state to destroy the kind of the christian traditional cause for a few of. mr shadows she is a very handy symbol because of course he was supporting human rights groups free higher education and such causes that are hated anyway. but it's very easy to explain the more from from an ism to human rights from modern capitalism to its opposite to modern socialism by the figure of the demonic elusive inexplicable jews. but also there's a project like. t

hovering around freezing for warsaw and for moscow with some snow there across a good possible eastern europe down towards the black sea we push on and see friday and we'll see that snow continues and not its way a little further east with our rain also following in behind snow with a leading edge will make its way into a good parts of poland by the state now to some snow to coming down into the bowl wins close to the american alps some wet weather and some rather windy weather pushing in across the eastern side of the mediterranean that a lot polish shows on northern libya saying some of that rain also affecting northern parts of egypt. qatar airways gate calm and make sure you're not hyping the situation be part of the debate my main characters are women when no topic is off the table the law is in the last allow child marriage to happen legally these are basically archaic walls they are often legitimize them legal wise pedophiles. on line jumping to the comment section and the team to be part of the discussion this stream on out is the era. of the. you watching al-jazeera mind of our top s