so when edward jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine back in the late 1700s, some say 1798, he was immediately called upon to immediate kuwait prisoner exchanges between the british and the french during the napoleonic wars. and thomas jefferson used his vaccine as a goodwill gesture to send with vaccine with the lewis and clark expedition and their exploration of the wilderness with native american groups. and the more modern version began with albert say ban who, when he developed the polio vaccine, he did it jointly with the soviets. he sent the strains to the ussr, got permission from the state department and his soviet counterpart whose son actually works at fda and is a friend and colleague, got permission to work together. that's where the vaccine was developed, tested on 10 million soviet school children, shown to be safe and effective and, ultimately, led to the licensure of the polio vaccine. and it happened again for smallpox i rad case. the soviets found a way the scale up production of the smallpox vaccine which allowed you to take that version into tropical areas

edward jenner, he collected the cowpox virus from -- excuse me, no. one of his cows, a cow by the name of blossom, that cal transmitted cowpox to a dairy maid named sarah gnome's. dr. jenna -- sarah nelms. he took a sample of the virus from the poxins she developed, transferred the cowpox to his subject -- to his patient, i'd boy -- a boy named james phipps. this happened on may 14, 1796. dr. jenner conducted this experiment with this new process. it he waited --he waited until james came down with cowpox. he had a mild case of it and fully recovered. in july of 1776, phipps infected james with the actual smallpox virus. james did not come down with smallpox. jenner concluded james was now in munich to smallpox. -- immune to smallpox. james didn't understand the virology but because these viruses, cowpox and smallpox, are related, cowpox provides crossover immunity to smallpox in humans. with further experiments, jenner was able to -- to perfect his practice and publish his findings in a book in 1798 that started to spread the word about this new prac

powerful tools in global health and the beginning of it goes with the beginning of vaccines so when edward jenner developed the first in the 1700s he was immediately called upon to mediate the prisoner exchanges between the french and the napoleonic war and thomas jefferson used his vaccine as a goodwill gesture to send the vaccine with the lewis and clark expedition in the wilderness with native american groups. the more modern version began with not too many people realized when they developed the polio vaccine he did it jointly at the height of the cold war, the polio strains were sent to the ussr and got provision from the state department and the soviet counterpart whose son works at the fda as a friend and colleague that's where the vaccine was developed and tested on those shown to be safe and effective and ultimately led to the licensure and again for smallpox eradication they found a way to scale up the vaccine which allowed you to take that version into tropical areas so that it wouldn't be destroyed by heat. so the point is our greatest successes in global health around infectious dise

and we forget alexander what's his name was before edward jenner.knew that something was happening between the hands of doctors and the sepsis seen in women post paratum. he said, i don't know what it is. but i know i'm guilty and i apologize. ande he suggested doing hand washing. alexander gordon was his name. so there is no identifiedable father or mother of epidemiology. even theat hunters figured out where they were likely to get game and not likely to get game. but what is epidemiology. alex used to say it is so simple. you have to get the right numerator, the right denominator, come up with a rate and t then interpret that rate. he said, that's what epidemiology is. it's a surprise if this is the scientific base offi public heah that we've only passed our first 100 years of having a department of epidemiology in the school of public health. wade hampton frost started the first department of epidemiology at johns hopkins as they were forming their school. he was on loan from the public health service and he later became the dean of the school.

and we forget the fact that edward jenner was doing epidemiology observations being done on smallpoxars before snow. and we forget that alexander -- what's his name -- was before edward jenner, and he wrote a paper saying he knew that something was happening between the hands of doctors and the sepsis seen in women postpartum. he said, i don't know what it is, but i know i am guilty, and i apologize. and he suggested doing handwashing. alexander gordon was his name. so there is no identifiable father or mother of epidemiology. and even hunters used to figure out where they were likely to get game and where they were not likely to get game, but what is epidemiology? alex used to say it is so simple. you simply have to get the right numerator the right denominator, , come up with a rate, and use that. he said that is what epidemiology is. so it is a surprise that if this is the scientific base of public health, that we have only passed our first 100 years of having a department of epidemiology in the school of public health. wade hampton frost started the first department of epidemiolo

at the jenner institute, here in oxford at the start of this g7 health meeting, because it was edward jenner more misery than any other scientific endeavour. just stop for a minute, imagine a world without a vaccine. imagine smallpox and measles running rife, imagine where we would be now today without a vaccine against covid—19. today i want to reflect on this life—saving endeavour and give my perspective on how we have got this far. the uk vaccination effort has without doubt been the best programme i have if it been the best programme i have if it been involved with. it has been an honour. i want to set up my thoughts, why and why in this country we have managed to make progress we have. of course, this is not over until it is over everywhere. while today at will concentrate on the uk, and roll—out here for which i am responsible, we must also play our part in the global vaccination roll—out, and i will comment on the role we are playing on that. i am very proud that we were able to deploy the first ever clinically approved and vaccine in this country, and delivered 60 million doses of th