it appears only now as a result of the reform of elena glinskaya, uh, in the 15th century.ore that, we can only say that these were such equivalents. yes , that is, either this is a hryvnia by weight, that is , a certain amount of silver, which was equated to a certain amount of goods, or there was fur money. uh, they were called hryvnia, godfather there, let's say for this hryvnia, they gave some amount of either uh, well, cheap furs. this is a squirrel. she was the most massive, or uh hmm well more expensive fur, of course, it was a marten, or it was the so-called leather money. so, too, the equivalence that could be obtained, a certain product, then appeared for quite a long time, and uh, it continued under the conditions of the mongol-tatar yoke, because uh, in the conditions of fragmentation, each principality tried, so to speak, to have some their money was hryvnia. e novgorod e, then later, then smolensk and so on, but uh, the main thing was that this is a certain amount of silver, which should be this was yes? let's now take a step and immediately go to peter a. dur

reform began; it was carried out by the widow of vasily iii and the mother of ivan the terrible, elena glinskaya that on that day her decree was issued, the country was expanding, and different money went through it for each specific prince. the counterfeiters minted their coins , cutting them off by lowering the scales and counterfeiting the silver content, which interfered with the development of trade connections with other countries. now low-value money began to be withdrawn and a single standard was introduced, from one hryvnia weight. they minted 600 coins, a new coin was called, and half the weight of a half on novgorod coins. the rider was minted with a spear, they were called kopecks, and moscow saber or muscovites. they had a rider with a saber , the concept of a counting ruble appeared ; the glinsky reform strengthened the economy. the kuru of the russian state on march 20, 1815 at the vienna international congress were guaranteed a citation of the eternal neutrality of switzerland and the inviolability of its territory napoleon , who made it his satellite, was defeated emperor alexan