as a pregnant widow, she's immediately labeled likely to become a public charge and detained on ellis island. and eventually a group old lawyers -- a group of lawyer ares pick up the case and bring it all the way to the supreme court. and the supreme court rules in the gonzalez case that puerto ricans should be considered u.s. nationals rather than aliens when entering the united states. and, therefore, they legally are free of restrictions that would otherwise apply, say to those coming from russia. so a u.s. national was defined as free to enter the united states, free of immigration restriction, and u.s. nationals were granted the protection be of the u.s. military. but there are very few other rights that were extended to nationals. so, for example, u.s. nationals that came in the u.s. could be denied employment by the federal government because in a series of cases it was made clear that nationals were not eligible for employment with the u.s. government. so the gonzalez case is really a turning point here because by say 1904 the united states is now legally bound to admit puerto ricans

this ended the idea of immigrants arriving at ellis island. from now on, there are numerical limit to the number of refugees allowed to come into this country. it is limited to 150,000 people per year. in 1927, millions of people came in in a single year and now it is limited to 150,000. due to the racial theories i mentioned, countries outside the western hemisphere have quotas. born in those countries any given year, they are called national origin quotas. the quota breaks down northern, western and eastern europe. 60% of the quota sought were people born in great britain or ireland and there are far fewer immigration opportunities for people who are in southern and eastern europe, people who are considered racially, religiously, economically undesirable. about 100 people per year and many are barred by racial grounds. you can be at this point too brown to enter the united states and become an immigrant. the quotas are maximum and not goals. crucial in understanding the american responses to the holocaust, the state department decides in you

. >>> next, it's known as the ellis island of the south, a haven for refugees in georgia. ,, >>> we endht in clarkston, georgia. many of its residents are from the muslim-majority countries that would be impacted by president trump's proposed travel ban. here again, mark strassmann. >> we are a target. we didn't want to take that risk. it was a risk. >> reporter: for seven years, these brothers were threatened with death in iraq. militias targeted them for working with american companies. >> was coming to this country the difference between potentially life and death? >> it was a leave and death, yes. >> reporter: in 2011, they applied to the u.s. as refugees. after years of vetting by homeland security and the state department, in january, they emigrated here to clarkston, georgia, known as the ellis island of the south. >> this clarkston is a refugee welcoming place. everyone is here. from different countries >> 40 different nationalities. >> reporter: ted terry is clarkston's mayor, half its 8,000 residents are foreign-born. >> these people who have fled from those conflicts are the

theof the things is that wool companies would go to ellis island to recruit people directly from ellis island to work in passaic. the wool owners, the mill owners, consciously tried to keep the workers separate but also so that they would not assimilate into broader american society. one of the things is there is a census pamphlet on passaic. atshows that especially among polish workers. the number of -- the percentage of workers who did not speak english, even though they had been living in the united states for more than a decade, was much larger than in any other place in comparable size. there is another pamphlet about -- it is called "adult education in passaic" -- and is about what we would call esl in passaic and how, in companies, one of their main representatives was on the passaic school board. and they opposed adult education in english, because they wanted to keep the workers divided and not speaking english. it is kind of interesting because the general idea in the 1920's is this idea of henry ford and the americanization and all of that stuff. had awners in passaic differ

and places like ellis island countless places of entry and places of exclusion, the guarded and secured and maintained office excludes the racial purity of the voters. the nation was with san juan to manila. it's likely to be colonial subject so from 1865 to 1900, from emancipation to empire. in the pivot from one administration to another there are a lot of lessons we can draw a. these are individual americans. i wanted to show how real people and experienced these transformations in particular i focus on the important bit underappreciated americans, an army general named oliver howard who was the leader in far northeastern oregon. so who is oliver otis howard? >> he was a west point graduate had piercing blue eyes and a beard that would put zz top to shame. writing about the late 19th century soldiers and settlers is there are only so many ways you can describe a huge beard. i once saw and all of envelope walt whitman was writing and there was a list of the saddest words he could think of but for me it was just a beer a week debate -- list. the turning point was in the late spring of

and the state department, in january, they emigrated here to clarkston, georgia, known as the ellis island this clarkston is a refugee welcoming place. everyone is here. from different countries. >> 40 different nationalities, 60 different languages spoken in our 1.4 mile city. >> reporter: this is its mayor. half its residents are foreign-born. >> these people who have fled from those conflicts are the ones who are escaping terror. we're getting people from war-torn areas, famine sites, persecution. >> reporter: its diversity spreads across its of services, local shops, community gatherings and schools. >> since 9/11, there hasn't been a refugee that has committed a domestic act of terrorism. and we are one of the safest cities in georgia. >> reporter: to the brothers the travel ban presents the greatest threat of all. >> that would change the idea of america, which is a free country. and a right country. >> reporter: they arrived believing in the idea of america. clarkston gave them a chance to live it. mark strassmann, cbs news, meta appetite control... it's your glass of willpower that

and places like ellis island were places of exclusion and guarded and secured and maintained integrity what is the racial course of the years. the united states was an emperil power with territories that stretched from san juan to manila. a person with dark skin was as like ohio to be a colonial subject as a citizen. so from 1865-1900, from emancipation to empire, this is a quick and stunning turn of our sense of america and the purpose and direction of its government. and you know, in our current pivot from one administration to another, i think there are a lot of lessons we can draw from decades after reconstruction because a lot of the struggles, a lot of the ideas in conflict are the same. so my book krrz the broad transformations that the u.s. is making in these years following reconstruction. but through the eyes of individual americans, i wanted to show how real people saw and experienced these transformations. in particular, i focus on two important, but under u pree-appd americans. an army general oliver otis howard and a native american chief whose leader was joseph. they are

. >> well, ellis island opened in 1892. the bulk of irish diaspora came to america in the 1840s.dn't have papers either. we were undocumented. there was an anti-italian slur when i was growing up in my neighborhood called w-o-p. it's without papers. if you come to the country because you're starving in your country or being held hoftball by drug dealers or you're afraid your children are going to be shot in the streets or on your farm i think that's self-preservation and survival. any group of people would flock to america because that would be the place where people came to be saved. >> this is my kourptd. i'm working hard. >> reporter: sixto paz would have been deported ten months ago if he hadn't confined himself to shadow rock united church of christ in phoenix. >> good morning. >> reporter: ismail delgado moved in four months ago. >> we came to work. >> reporter: paz crossed illegally in under the policy of president reagan he was granted a work permit, which was revoked under the policies of george w. bush. his four children are citizens by birth. his youngest is 5. >> i sp

instinctively how long to inhabit a story from that board early 20th century woman sailing to ellis island. he does not forget his own great grandparents that was crackling with immigrant energy as much as the past as the future from one century ago had more americanism then from the kingdom of heaven. [applause] this year's finalist is americans in the spanish civil war 1936 through 39 atomism lecturer from california at berkeley. the citation reads. >> a vivid graceful highly romantic account of what happened to more than 1,000 historians from those republican forces in 1937. mostly communist party members the volunteers fought against the million man professional army knowing no spanish. and be equipped by mussolini. it was heartbreakingly predictable. no amount of the ideological fervor could overcome the weaponry and competent officers or the paranoid sylvia advisers. many were killed or died of disease or disillusioned but others said the finest kind of their lives with the rare gift for storytelling with the immediacy and relevance and we're sorry he could not be with us tonight. [a

or three days for decades. 1900, chinese immigrants were banned from the u.s., and places like ellis island where less places of entry than places of exclusion. places that guarded and secured and maintained the integrity, you know, often explicitly defined as the racial purity of our borders. the u.s. was, 1900, an imperial power with territories that stretched from san juan to manila. a person with dark skin was as likely to be a colonial subject as a citizen. so from 1865 to 1900, from emancipation to empire. this is a quick and stunning turn of our sense of america and the purpose and direction of its government. in our current pivot from one administration to another, i think there are lots of lessons that we can draw from these decades after reconstruction. because a lot of the struggles, a lot of the ideas in conflict are the same. so my book considers the broad transformations that the u.s. was making in these years following reconstruction, but to the eyes of individual americans, i wanted to show how real people saw and experienced these ethical transformations. and in particular,

neighborhood, each neighborhood is a kind of port of entry neighborhood as if there is little ellis island all around the city. if you cross this boundary and that boundary. you have these access for young people, for kids and they come to understand that the topicality and particular experience that is theirs can have these major themes in it. they can't help but have them, if you grew up on the south side of chicago with themes in your life are democracy, the american dream, race, minority culture et cetera. it's a great tradition and it's great to have us here in the city. it will be used, it'll be an enormous resource and hopefully it will also spread through the united states this notion that you have this kind of local cultural -- something that passes on the culture. i want to end by saying that i love the fact that it's called a writers museum. what writer wouldn't? but for me, the unique quality that was referred to as a monkish -- this is all about community. a writers relationship is between a computer screen and a piece of paper and a room. it's an incredibly isolate experience

look at the history of coming through ellis island, getting your papers, going through the process andit work. that is one thing for the refugee issue, it's interesting to note what sean spicer said, mollie, and that is perhaps the better course, given the numbers and the fact that most of these people would much prefer to stay in their own country, is to help to solve the situation at home. and that situation eroded greatly over the past eight cove years. >> it's also worth noting that even with the increase numbers, there are more syrian refugees that got brought into the country this year than even all of 2015. it's not that it's a complete throttle on refugee resettlement, just a recalibration. it's also true that people should care very much about their fellow man, they should care about not just their fellow americans in terms of making sure the security of this country is good, but also about people who are in hardship. it does not necessarily mean resettlement, that could mean working very hard to make the region that they are coming from stable so they do not have to leave and

instinctively how long to inhabit a story, whether that of peter's anger with that of a woman with ellis island or state of liberty herself. he does not forget his own great-grandparents, the results is crackling with energy as much about the country's past and the future, story of the city that his life had it a century ago sport if you are americanism than any spot with the kingdom of heaven. tyler. [applause] [applause] >> this years finalist for the prize is staying in our hearts. 1936 - 1939 by adam. he is a lecture at the university of california berkeley in an prolific author. the citation reads, "spain in our hearts" is a vivid, graceful highly romanced account of what happened when more than 1000 young american joined the republican forces in 1937. mostly communist party members with scant military experience and no spanish. they fought against a million man professional army. led by general francisco frankly and equip i'm whistling in hitler. the result was heartbreakingly predictable. no amount of ideological fervor or useful heroism could overcome the dearth of weaponry or paranoid

." >> kenney: well, you know, ellis island had opened in 1892.k of irish diaspora came to america in the 1840s. we didn't have papers either. there was an anti-italian slur, when i was growing up in my neighborhood, called w.o.p.-- that's "without papers." if you come to the country without documents because you're starving in your country or you're being held hostage by drug dealers or you're afraid your children are going to be shot in the streets or on their farm, i think that that's self- preservation and self-survival. and any group of people would flock to america, because that's been the historic place where people came to be saved. >> sixto paz: this is my country. i'm working hard. >> pelley: sixto paz would have been deported ten months ago if he hadn't confined himself to shadow rock united church of christ in phoenix. ismael delgado moved in four months ago. >> ismael delgado: we came to work. >> pelley: paz crossed illegally in 1985. under the policy of president reagan, he was granted a work permit, which was revoked under the polic

instinctively knows how long to inhabit is an early 20th century women's sailing to ellis island or the state of literary herself. he does not forget his own great grand parents. the result is a teeming tot volume which the readable with integrated energy and much about the country's past as its future. the story a slight added a century ago afforded fewer american and more american is to end the kingdom of patterns. [applause] >> this year's finalist for the prizes staying in our hearts cannot americans in the spanish civil war 1936-1939 by item hoax though. and is a graduate journalism in california or clean a prolific author. citation reads in our hearts is a vivid graceful, and the romantic account of what happened when more than one of them young americans joined the republican forces in name and 37. mostly communist party members with scant military experience and no spanish, volunteers fight against the million man professional army. led by general francisco franco and equipped by mussolini and hitler. the result was heartbreakingly predict the ball. no amount of ideological ferv