they continue to press for a emancipation, demand emancipation. the immediate and the uncompensated. if we look at the atlantic world, we see a panache of different emancipation's. historians of slavery, being who they are, are not only interested in the slave trade as orwhether it goes to rio bridgetown or charleston, they were also ended -- interested in the end of slavery. you can find numerous books on the various emancipation's. >> thank you, dr. berlin, for your presentation. you answer part of my question. thesecond part is during patient revolution, what do you think was the psychic among the slaveholders and the psychic among the slaves in reference to that revolution? what impact did that revolution have on the slaveholders in the united states and the slaves? >> everybody in the world knows about what happened on the island of san domain. the bottom rail was placed on top. the slaves defeated them. the slaves are created not only emancipation, but they ripped the white out of the french flag. the way you become a citizen of haiti is you

they criticize his emancipation of policies, when they criticized his emancipation policies, lincoln pointed to the indispensable services these black men rendered in defense of the union on one of those occasions, he pinned a letter to his good friend which he intended to be red in springfield. some of the men who would hear his letter had suggested the proclamation was a mistake and should be resended. lincoln assured critics his policies as concerned the black population had been in the interest of preserving the union. some of the commanders of the armies in the field that have given us the most important successes believe the emancipation proclamation and the use of the colored troops constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion he wrote. and that at least one of these importance successes could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black soldiers. black men were holding up their end the deal and the promise of freedom having been kept, having been made must be kept and if that was not enough to calm their criticisms, lincoln added that when peace retu

in her book, lincoln and emancipation, fills a gap left in the story of emancipation by bringing to the four the important role so many blacks played in changing the face of our nation and bringing about emancipation. i have been counseled to be brief. and so with that, i would like to introduce dr. edna green medford. [applause] dr. medford: good morning. thank ali ando ford's theater society for the opportunity to speak with you this morning. i would like to thank you for being here before that massive storm we are supposed to be having this evening. i love weather folks. they sometimes exaggerate what is going to happen. let's hope they are right this time. they are playing it down now unless you live in the mountains or somewhere. in the brief time, nearly two decades for me that i have studied lincoln and emancipation seriously, i have been struck by how often the enslaved people are placed at the periphery of the story. because they were enslaved, we think they were powerless to contribute anything of significance to the cause of union or their own freedom. with notable exception,

it -- what it does is it reinforces the great emancipator i'm page. the great definition at least that lincoln did it alone with a stroke of his pen he freed. lincoln was central but african americans were there, as well as were many other groups of people it is true the bulk of the money came from black veterans, as well. i don't believe all of it did. the first person that supposedly gave the first $5 was charlotte scott freed by her owner before the proclamation had been issued. she lived in virginia. her owner was being pressured by his secessionest neighbors. he got to be too great for him. he moved to ohio and he freed her in the process. she went with them to ohio. i've always wondered why she did that but she was a 61-year-old who spent her life in slavery. where else was she going to go? yeah, it's problematic. it has always been problematic from the very beginning and they did not decide. african americans did not decide who the designer would be or what the design was. >> very similar statute with john brown in upstate new york although he'

medford is the author of lincoln and emancipation. i have to begin by saying that she is receiving an ward this afternoon and will be unable to participate in the panel discussion during the afternoon session. so, therefore, it's important to get your questions in early. because she's going off to receive the woman's history award from the northern virginia district of columbia, maryland affiliate of the national association of negro business and professional women. [ applause ] i came or wrote an article about intellectuals that campaigned for lincoln and she mentioned my great, great uncle. through searching i got to know dr. medford and she's been a friend, an admired person. she's a chair of the department of history at howard university. she teaches 19th century history. she has lectured broadly and actively involve in so many activities. i have read her book and i strongly urge that all of you

emancipation is the one requirement that the states have to abide by. they have to write new state constitutions that provide for emancipation. and then they can begin the process as outlined under his proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction issued in december of '63 to rejoin the union. and it was a fairly mild almost benevolent process, 10% of those who voted in the election of 1860 need to hold the convention to elect delegates. if this franchised certain confederate leaders, it required the confederation of the new contusions, other than those basically left those to proceed. lincoln, throughout his presidency, is pushing and pressing for this to be accomplished, especially in louisiana, which begins to make progre progress. now there are all kinds of problems that lincoln has to face. military governors were sort of unheard of. what is the proper relationship between the military governor and the military commander. what happens when civil and military authority come into conflict with one another. all of these questions are profound questions t

he believed he had his own fugitive experience and emancipated himself. he was an oppressed and stunted boy who achieved his freedom. if with his disadvantages he could do it, it could be done. when he became a republican and identified himself as a slave, he had begun emerging as the abraham lincoln identifiable in history. four years later, at the illinois state convention, he would be given another identity. the rail splitter, the legendary ax wielding laborer, common man of the people, establishing one of the most enduring icons of american history. those to the private lincoln who chuckled at the image making by party handlers, it was a picture of himself from the time when he thought of himself as a slave. like other runaways, he had remade his identity and never took it for granted. despite his standing for years among the illinois wigs, few people spotted him for greater things other than as a provincial figure, except perhaps his wife. lincoln's marriage was indispensable to his rise. his sense of destiny and his equal inyum. he was an almost com

"i decided to emancipate myself," he recalled later on. over the course of a decade, bruce roamed from place to place, job to job, as he sought further education and looked for professional opportunities that were taken out of poverty and into social and -- that would take him out of poverty and into social success. when reconstruction brought admission of southern states, he traveled south. he reached mississippi in 1869, where he heard a speech that changed the course of his life. the republican candidate for governor, a man named james elkhorn, inspired the former slave to build his future in mississippi. the 28th your old bruce arrived without -- the 28-year-old bruce arrived without a job, with few prospects, and with $.75 in his pocket. yet, six years later, he would be a united states senator. for a brief historical moment in the post-civil war years, mississippi was a land of opportunity for young black men. during reconstruction, delta land was cheap, jobs were available, and, most important of all, the majority african-american p

and then there was actress drew barrymore, who emancipated at 14. according to her memoir, she and her and /- her mother haven't had much contact since. do you have a relationship with your mom at this point? >> we haven't spoken in three years. it's really hard to have that kind of drama in your life and have an open court case and have everybody look at it. it's hard for abuse victims, but it's harder in the public eye when everybody has an opinion and there is no black and white of the situation. >> reporter: you refer to yourself as an abuse victim. what happened to you? >> well, the thing is it's really hard to talk about. and the reason i haven't talked about it thus far is because it was really painful for me to watch my mom go on news outlets and go on "dr. phil" and kind of spread things everywhere when i feel like for me, i probably should take the high road and do something that i would have wished she would have done for me. >> reporter: and for now, she's closing that chapter and doing normal 18-year-old things. >> it's always been a dr

he believed he had his own andtive experience emancipated himself. he was not oppressed -- he was an oppressed and stunted boy who achieved his freedom. if he could do it, it could be done. identified himself as a slave, he began emerging as the abraham lincoln identifiable in history. he would be given another identity, the rail slur. the legendary ax wielding establishing one of the most in during icons of american history. it was the picture of himself, from the time when he thought of himself as a slave. like other runaways, he remade his identity and never took it for granted. despite his standing for years among the whigs, few people favorite things other than a provincial figure, except his wife. his marriage was indispensable to his rise. his sense of destiny and his equilibrium. comically awkward suitor who had a nervous breakdown over his inability to deal with the opposite sex. mary todd, daughter of his business partner, from , was a rareentucky woman of the southern upper-class who loved politics and was described as a violent little wah

the emancipation proclamation was seemingly halfhearted. it did not free slaves and border states or confederate territory occupied the union army. many criticized him for not issuing it earlier. president lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the civil war, and imprisoned thousands without due process of law. he supported the colonization of african-americans outside the united states. his actions and policies as commander-in-chief can be questioned because their moral status depends on the justice of the american civil war and the union cause, which is open to question. the abolition of slavery was not a union worry in 1861. the reasons to question whether the union was morally justified in fighting the american civil war at the beginning of the war, it is debatable whether the union had means to fight the war. lincoln bears considerable personal responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate civilians. i defend lincoln's actions in almost all these cases. i argue that most of his actions were jus

how will newly emancipated african americans going to make a living? where they going to live? what is the relationship going to be to their former owners? that all combines for quite a tumultuous story is fascinating in many respects. one of my favorite pieces associated with the reconstruction story is this voter registration volume. a 1867, alabama had to adopt new state constitution to reenter the union. that summer, registrars went out all over the state registering citizens who are eligible to vote. what makes this falling special and the others like it is they were the first state records produced by alabama government that record the names of formally enslaved african american men who are now recognized as free citizens of the state. the document, in many cases, was the first time they would have put into a public record, not just the given name, but also whatever surname they chose at the time of emancipation. it is also extremely valuable for doing african-american genealogy. it provides a very important mileposts in terms of african-american families being able to do

that emancipation had transformed the u.s. into a wholly new republic, and that they ought to export it. and a number of former abolitionists who had been the critics were now advocating that the u.s. take the new regimes, ideas, racial equality to the caribbean, south america. he became, not unlike others, kind of an american imperialism. eventually, he will be the u.s. minister to haiti. although that ran amok on him. but it is fascinating just how much many abolitionists came to see, not hard to understand, they believed they had experienced a genuine transformation of the meaning of the united states. >> i am always struck by the fact that african-americans have to have their citizenship insured by the amendment, when all the people we are talking about were born in america. his are not people who are born on the african continent. they were born here, whose ancestors were buried here, who helped to build this country. this had to occur. the 15th amendment, of course, a couple of years later, granted them the right to rope

he supported the emancipation proclamation and the lincoln administration's emancipation policy.he was not a proponent of black troops in the army. and he had no black troops in his army in georgia. he had a contingent of black pioneers, as they were called. that meant labor troops. they played a crucial role, especially in the march through south carolina. >> what happened to these people who attached themselves to the army. >> in the case of georgia, he had thousands of african-american slaves following the army, he tried to discourage that, because they ate up supplies, several thousand of them made it to savannah, a lot of them dropped out several thousand made it to savannah with him. and sherman after consulting with secretary of war stanton, in january 1865, issued a famous order 15, in which he set aside millions of acres of the low country in georgia and south carolina for occupation by freed slaves. with whatever possessory titles until congress can make good that land. congress never did make good that land. andrew johnson, when he became president returned the land to

the emancipation proclamation was seemingly halfhearted. it did not free slaves and border states or confederate territory occupied the union army. many criticized him for not issuing it earlier. president lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the civil war, and imprisoned thousands without due process of law. he supported the colonization of african-americans outside the united states. his actions and policies as commander-in-chief can be questioned because their moral status depends on the justice of the american civil war and the union cause, which is open to question. the abolition of slavery was not a union worry in 1861. the reasons to question whether the union was morally justified in fighting the american civil war at the beginning of the war, it is debatable whether the fight themeans to war. lincoln bears considerable personal responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate civilians. i defend lincoln's actions in almost all these cases. i argue that most of his actions were justified on u

he prepared for the emancipation. >> absolutely. in a democratic country like ours, the key to a leader is sensing the mood of the country and moving it step by step. lincoln would say with universal sentiment anything is possible and without it nothing is. he knew if he had done the emancipation proclamation a year earlier before the country was ready he would have lost the border states and maybe the war. if hey had waited another six months it may have been too late to inject the morale. just as roosevelt understood he couldn't take the country into caring about britain too quickly, he had to do the peacetime draft and get the factories going, it's the genius of the leader. the mystical sense of knowing where their con stitc constitue. today they say with pride we don't care about public opinion. you should. you should shape it and not get restrained by sphiet you can change it, not view it as something that dictates to you what you ought to be and do. >> right and lincoln's white house was some more open he would have more feel

authors will also discuss his views on reconstruction and emancipation. it is next saturday, live on c-span3. each week, american history tv's railamerica brings you archival films. 50 years ago, march 16, 1966, gemini 8 blasted off with neil armstrong and david r. scott on board. mission.e sixth man is a 29 minute nasa film, telling the story of a docking in space and a failure that caused the capsule to violently tumble. they were forced to abort the mission and return to earth 10 hours after blast off. >> ignition. liftoff. >> liftoff. .> roger >> feel pressure a little high. >> roger. >> slightly low, no problem. >> roger. >> go for staging. >> stadium. >> roger, staging. >> that is looking a little high. >> roger. >> status check? >> go. >> go. >> guidance? >> standby. >> go. >> go flight. >> roger. >> roger. >> standby. >> standing by. >> over 300 feet per second. >> 72-95. 24.2 is >> roger, no go. >> you are no go. >> do you have a time? >> flight area charlie at nine plus 20. >> roger. >> we are going for area charlie. nine plus 20. >> roger. >> g

the emancipation proclamation had been a war measure. he knew, and this is interesting about the lincoln movie, it focused on that struggle. and i think wisely. this is what was able to redeem so much of have been won in the war. the ram of a former democrat. 1864 --rn union nest in unionist in 1864. andrew johnson, with whom he had had one conversation, maybe the last conversation he had for his final speech or he went to the theater. johnson thought he was doing with the signals of the national union party pointed towards. slavery is over. let's put the country back together and build a national republican party. white southerners behave differently under lincoln? with lincoln have behaved differently than johnson? lincoln misjudged the southern white majority every step of the war. he could not believe that people who love the united states did not still really love it even know they had been tricked into rebelling. he kept thinking give them a chance. he had a 10% plan. their true selves are come forward. lincoln appeared to believe

not sure -- one calendar week separates abraham lincoln issuing the emancipation over theion providing largest mass execution of people of color in the army's history as commander in chief. >> these things happen within the same calendar. for lincoln, it was a difficult situation. he did pardon more than 200 of the soldiers. people in minnesota thought he had been too lenient, that they all should have been executed. the events of the u.s. to coda war received some public attention. like i said, commenters in minnesota believe that the military and the militia had been right, some of them criticized lincoln for being too lenient. other outspoken critics took this as an opportunity to argue for the need to reform indian policy. it was because of the tensions that ultimately led to this intensification. as westward expansion would , these kinds of tensions with non-native settlers engaging with native peoples would get worse. in a lot of ways, he was prophetic. we will get to that when we talk about the 1870's in a few minutes. two years later -- here's some information from the time as

was a brilliant voice on the page, in person, for slave emancipation. strikingly handsome and charismatic, he made his debut as a speaker on nantucket island. he became a sensation almost overnight. in a way, he took the path opposite of tubman speaking in the sunshine of the 19th century public square. verys very much -- it was much the age of the spoken word here in washington. daniel webster. all of the country, people would go to hear people speak. it was a civic recreation. that is why there are so many great speakers in the 1840's and 1850's. to runives continued parallel. in 1859, frederick douglass and harriet tubman were both -- by john brown to take part in his raid on the federal arsenal in harpers ferry. brown regretted not having tubman fighting on his side he said later. not for nothing did he call her general tubman. for john brown to call you general tubman -- that is saying something. douglas -- frederick douglass and carry it tubman new that the raid would fail. they bothpreceded -- refused to take part of it although they were both co

authors will discuss his views on emancipation and reconstruction. today, starting at 9:05 eastern time live on c-span3 american tv. up next, prison gulf war recountsstephen wiehe his operation in desert storm. a -- an perspective of observer, he described the soldiers day-to-day activities, the harsh conditions and the pressures of wartime. about one hour. >>

to really show the world about how struggle can also create emancipations. and i think that that is central to what this building is trying to say. >> still ahead on talk to al jazeera. he was commissioned to design a pediatric cancer center. david adjaye talks about his work in rwanda, stay with us. >> we're here to fully get into the nuances of everything that's going on, not just in this country, but around the world. getting the news from the people who are affected. >> people need to demand reform... >> ali velshi on target. >> i'm lisa fletcher and this is talk to al jazeera. my guest this week is the architect designing the national museum of african american history and culture, david adjaye. >> most architects spend years, and years pursuing a degree. you have one year of formal architectural training. what do you think... >> you did your research. busted! >> well, it's very interesting, though. what gave you the courage to just carve your own path like that? >> when i started, i was extremely scared about the whole thing. but i was also incredibly

to really show the world about how struggle can also create emancipations. and i think that that is central to what this building is trying to say. >> still ahead on talk to al jazeera. he was commissioned to design a pediatric cancer center. david adjaye talks about his work in rwanda, stay with us. >> the family is always in debt. >> they'd be on the oversight of government. >> it's almost impossible to separate slave caught fish from fish that are being caught through legitimate means. >> what do we want? >> al jazeera america's hard-hitting... >> today they will be arrested. >> ground-breaking... >> they're firing canisters of gas at us. >> emmy award-winning, investigative series. >> we have to get out of here. >> i'm lisa fletcher and this is talk to al jazeera. my guest this week is the architect designing the national museum of african american history and culture, david adjaye. >> most architects spend years, and years pursuing a degree. you have one year of formal architectural training. what do you think... >> you did your research. busted! >> wel

they were the party of the emancipation proclamation. the african americans were far more republican, okay? and -- but they were virtually, so they were because african americans did not participate and were not allowed to participate in the political system that much, what really mattered, as you just heard, is what happened in the democratic primary. whoever won the democratic primary won the election. they'd go through the pro forma staging of a general election in november, but there would be one person on the ballot. so that's why that's important. but challenges to the system began mounting in the 1940s. and chief among them was a challenge that was mounted in this state, by a man who maybe we'll even think we want to profile him this semester. a man named primus king. you can read more about him later, but he was aided greatly in his challenge to the all white primary by a man you'll see on our website, when you get to it, thomas brewer, a physician in columbus, an african american, and you'll see it there. but he helped him file

the emancipation proclamation was seemingly half hearted. it didn't free states in the border states or most of the territory occupied by the union army when it went into effect. president lincoln imprisoned thousands of people without due process of law. he supported the colonization of african-americans outside of the united states. given the abolition of slavery was not a union war aim in april of 1861, there are reasons to question whether the union was morally justified in fighting the american civil war at the beginning of the war. it is also debatable where the union just means to fight the war. lincoln bears considerable personal responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate civilians. i defend lincoln's actions in most of the cases. most of his actions were justified on utilitarian grounds. they were necessary to bring about the best consequences in the long run. i also argue that in practice lincoln was utilitarian, but my defense of lincoln does not predispose the truth of utilitarianism.

it's, of course did not end. , and the military order, which is what the emancipation was, really was an invitation to slaves to leave their masters. this pragmatism that he had his -- he had, and it is something to measure candidates by, it went far and deep for lincoln. harry williams said that lincoln would not have been able to comprehend the attempts of modern writers to classify his ideas into an ideology. indeed, he would have not known what an ideology was. don hays quotes lincoln saying "my policy is to have no policy." very important to the way he conducted not just the war, but everything else. how he conducted the war is very instructive and i think important as we start looking at some of the last presidents. he supported lincoln. the great humanitarian supported the scorched-earth economic strategy carried out by grant and general sherman. and agreed that brutal aggression was the only way to subdue the rebellion. lincoln did not like war. he thought it was terrible. but a larger purpose and the strategy to save the union was key to this. he also understood the importanc