doesn't track at all with emma lazarus's wonderful quotation. in fact, it has been a love-hate relationship. in the 19th century, there was a popular immigrant saying, "america beckons but americans repel." that is more accurate as to how our relationship with immigration has been in the united states. in fact, one of the great ironies is that emma lazarus wrote the poem in 1883, and one year before, in 1882, the u.s. passed the chinese exclusion law, excluding chinese laborers from coming to the united states. we would pass in the years after that increasingly restrictive legislation. so we want immigrants to come. we beckon them with opportunity. we beckon them to take jobs as skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor to build our country, construct our economy, but after they get here, frequently they are the objects of scorn. they are discriminated against. they suffer some of the worst acts of prejudice imaginable. this is a very complicated relationship that america has with the foreign-born. susan: when there are large waves of immigration, s

a great irony is that emma lazarus wrote the poem in 1883, and one year before, in 1882, the u.s.assed the chinese exclusion law, excluding chinese laborers from coming to the u.s. in the years after that, increasingly restrictive legislation was passed. we want immigrants to calm, we beckon them with opportunity to take jobs as skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor to build our country, construct our economy, but after they get here, frequently they are the object of scorn, they are discriminated against, they suffer some of the worst acts of prejudice imaginable. this is a very complicated relationship that america has with the foreign-born. susan: when there are large waves of immigration like over the past 20 years, when there are backlashes, what are they caused by? what triggers people? dr. kraut: the backlashes are caused by a precipitating factor like an economic downturn, or a spike in the size of the migration, or the identity of who is coming at a particular moment. there are lots of different things that can cause an outbreak of the kind of nativism that we have seen q