in some ways i think the confessionalism, per se, is almost equaphenomenal to the other effects of the system. it isn't necessarily about religion or about a belief system but it's about a system that allows space for different sets of beliefs, different world views, some of which may be religious or may not be. but i think it's that kind of space that i think inclusive systems can foster that can reduce extremism by allowing for the creation of space where that symmetry can be explored, where groups can talk to each other and have open debates and have discussions, et cetera. i found this in jordan and yemen and in the case of jordan i found much more moderation with islamist party in part because islamists found a lot of common ground with secularists, communists and liberals on a number of issues. now there are often political issues, so objection to the electoral system is the first one in the summer of 1993. the very first time all of these groups, islamists and communists had a joint press conference and it was a spectacle. it was spectacular. they should all be sitting there in