of august, 1939 that would have been roosevelt, that would have been nothing had it not been ernest lawrence to get things rolling. his observation at oak ridge was the operation that separated the so called calutrons named after of kristopher university of california if there hadn't been lawrence there would have been no atomic bomb at least not on the schedule that it was completed. and lawrence in many ways is the apprentice of the story that he is the man who built the great psychotronic, the idea that he was sort of a pure scientist he wanted to push forward the frontiers of science but that same machine will be modified in said to the bomb that destroyed on hiroshima is the unintended consequences of scientific convention. the next slide please. i found lawrence only interested to put him in the context of oppenheimer and teller she was the man in the middle of that famous viewed and once you start looking at oppenheimer he steals the show he is a purist in the experimental list lawrence amana the man at berkeley teaching here taught so he could read the hindu classics and the original