and no doubtin misunderstandings between stalin and fdr were profoundta and he contributed enormously to the friendship over those years. fdr believed or needed desperately to believe that the soviets after the war would effectively contain themselves, and stalin for his part believed that the americans would go home

fdr believed or needed desperately to believe that the soviets would effectively contain themselves and stalin, for his part believed that

under fdr, , fdr was really his own secretary of state, and the state department was very marginalized. and most important areas of foreign-policy that were allowed tot the bureaucracy were foreign economic policies were under treasury. most of, consequential spying activity, in other words, agents of influence within the american government came up through the u.s. treasury. so one thing to note about the marshall. is that truman reestablishes the primacy of the state department, and none of the people, to the best of my knowledge the architects of the marshall plan, were in any way involved in such activity. as you know many of them have the reputation today of being the earliest cold warriors, people like george cannon who were conscientious objectors during the fdr administration. you raise a wonderful point though aboutut mccarthyism which comes a few years later. i do argue in the book that the atmosphere created in washington from the fall of 47 to the spring 48 when the marshall legislation goes through, did help stimulate what you might call excessive anti-communism. marshall

moreover, fdr has hoover looking into political opponents, as well. in particular, he has the fbi investigate several senators and several public fields including charles lindberg, all wo oppose any intervention in europe. hoover learns from this experience that he can gain leverage by digging into any of the president's enemies or perceived enemies. for example, he never black mails the kennedy brothers, but he does give robert kennedy, right, attorney general under his brother's presidency, monthly updates on the people that he know, the accusations against him and family members and on the one hand, right? perhaps this is helpful personal knowledge that robert kennedy, right, can use however he sees fit, but it also ensures that the kennedys know that hoover knows everything. knows everything that everybody is doing so the kennedys have the inclination to suddenly shut down what they might be doing and they will know in the back of their mind that hoover has tabs on anything they've been doing. the restoration of spying takes place in the context o

they were conscientious objectives during the fdr administration. you raise a wonderful point about mccarthyism who comes a few years later and i do argue in the book that the atmosphere created in washington from the fall of 47 to spring up 48 when the marshall legislation goes through did help stimulate anti-communism. marshall was very uncomfortable with himself, but vandeberg made clear to marshall that for going to push this through congress, the focus has to be not humanitarian but anti- communism and this did, to some extent contribute to the atmosphere of extreme paranoia in washington. it did have some positive effects no doubt, the soviets were a threat, no doubt the french and italian communist parties were a threat to what we considered a fundamental interest, but then that eventually was spread much too wide and of course it infested our domestic politics. >> getting back to the economic argument that you were talking about in debunking, in your book you talk a little bit about the story of infrastructure and those who started on the pa

fdr white house was full of fun all the time. he was in a can guess all the time. he was entertaining spencer tracy and any actor, he loved hollywood. he had, premiered a lot of movies over his time in the white house, is he went out on the sequoia a lot as was mentioned and went fishing a lot. i imagine it was almost like a movie set. it was just a lot of fun going on, a lot of intellectual conversation, a lot of booze flowing but a lot of discussion. he would start mixing martinis at 5:00g and eleanor called then his five sees your he mixed them up for his guests and and to talk about new books are policies and the new deal on new deal initiatives. i i imagine had to be very, very intellectually stimulating to be in the roosevelt white house in the '30s and 40s. there were all these people coming and going all the time. >> i want to thank you so much for being here at a want to thank all of you for being here. michael's book is "inside camp david." craigs book is "reagan rising." just some quick housekeeping. both of these authors will be at the arizona daily sta

. - i'd write about how no one talked about how fdr had a hook for a hand, and no one knew it because it was shaped like a wheelchair. - still funny. - well, only because there was a conspiracy of silence around the fact that fdr was disabled and had polio. he wasn't photographed from the waist up, or in my universe he wasn't photographed from the wrist up. - but the point of this is that these books were successful at a time when making stuff up wasn't reality. and what i think is remarkable is that the road has written to meet you since then, hasn't it? - i think it's dropped. - the road has lowered to meet you. - the road and the bar and everything else has lowered. - i kind of thought about this book being real or true as a response to the fact that it's no longer interesting to make things up, 'cause now the president's doing it, and now people in politics are doing it and the world is doing it. - well you know, my first book put me onto the daily show, and there i was the resident expert. and it was very much the same act, absurdist humor where you take what's really happening i

but then he started referencing fdr.dy: he sound like bernie sanders when he talks about fdr-type programs. let's start -- he pretty much is a socialist. he's very proud of that. he's like a french justin trudeau. >> he has his own brand of socialism and people are acting like he's a member of the freedom caucus. let's get real. he's the president of a socialist country. they are lucky to work 20 hours a week. and he came to preach to us about our method of government. let's go on to the globalism. kennedy, you were at the rnc convention in cleveland when the president called out the world trade organization. in his speech. in his acceptance speech for the republican nomination. here you had somebody putting the world trade organization on a pedestal in congress, the french president. he's all for globalization. then militarism. he took credit just a few days ago for convincing trump to stay in syria. we don't belong in syria and neither does france, frankly. kennedy: preach together choir. i'm sure there are members of

and that's what they did. >> in joe kennedy's rage over the death of his son, he blamed fdr. bitch roosevelt got my son killed. obviously, an outrageous statement. but it shows the depth of pain that joe felt. >> after his death, it was really up to jfk to step up. there was a moment where his father said, okay, you're next. >> just after joe jr. died, jack said to one of his friends, i can feel my father's breath on my neck. >> after the war, joe sr. pressures jack to launch his political career. >> jack really wasn't ready for the role that he was about to take on. first of all, he was young, and second of all, all of the attention up to that point had been on grooming joe. >> but the kennedys always find a way to make their dreams come true. and for joe kennedy sr. in 1946, his dream is to have jack go to congress. the problem is that there is no seat open to run for in boston, but there is one that's being held in the 11th district by an infamous politician called james michael kerley. >> and joe buys him off by retiring his debts and other favors and makes him go away an

this is a 1945 fdr quote. fdr was the most accomplished reformer of the last century and he said, and just in the original title change the were trained to era because i thought it sounded classier. wittingly roosevelt said the great fact to remember is that the trend of civilization is forever upward. fdr was right then and he's right today. we forgot this great fact. we need to remember it those who have full appreciation of our own lives and argue for the next round of reforms to come. thanks. [applause] >> i have to thank you for gun at the drumbeat of dispersants are the a lot of questions, and i would invite you to come to the microphone on either side and please introduce yourself and keep your questions break into the point. if that ranks you get at you and tell them where you are. let's start over here. >> tell them i changed the title to "it's better than it looks." >> inequality is on everybody's mind i think. much of it seems to be driven by the onrush of artificial intelligence, not only from the

yards from where the oregon state football team was practicing in chicago but then when they suit up fdr and churchill are in the white house deciding where should we send the allied troops first? where do we attack? that are the two parallels that was following the sports journey but also a journey to war. pearl harbor there were two college football teams and hawaii at the time the players were there outside of portland as well as san jose state they were there to play round-robin against the university of hawaii. they were having breakfast getting ready to board buses to go toward the island and they start to see the bombs dropped in thendnd water and planesan overhead and these boys turned to the waiters and waitresses at the hotel and say what is going on? don't worry about it is just u.s. navy exercises. they go back to eating food pretty shortly thereafter the smell of oil starts to waiver in the japanese bombers are spotted word comes over the radio shortly and those men were immediately conscripted into the hawaiian police force they were given guns and barbed wire told to patro

fdr was the most accomplished reformer of the last century and he said the original title changed the trend because it sounded classier but a great fact to remember is the trend of civilization is forever upward. fdr was right then and today we need to remember to have a full appreciation of our own lives and to argue for the next round of reforms to come. [applause] thank you for drowning out the drumbeat. i know there's a lot of questions so i ask you to come to the microphone on either side and keep your questions brief and to the point. tell them i changed the title to its better than it looks. >> inequality is an issue on everybody's mind i think and much of it seems to be driven by the artificial intelligence not only eliminating driving jobs in our country that an article recently where economists are very concerned that the call center jobs that have been so important to begin disappearing. can you say some comforting words about why artificial intelligence i isn't disastrous? >> the indian call-center question is a great one i had a lifelong association with the atlantic mont

she's a member of fdr's black cabinet. right? so she's about as mainstream/conservative you can get. then you've got folks like gordon blaine hancock who was a professor and preacher in virginia who is also a racial conservative, right? who is somebody who says in the 1930s, yes, we need to conform ourselves to the reality of segregation. right? so we see how couch expects there to be a lot of difference between the folks on the far left and the folks on the middle and right. that's not what happens. everybody says segregation has to go. and we see white racial moderates not quite understand how this can happen. and we see couch articulate this in so many words, right? where he says, if that's what the negro wants, the negro should want something else. right? they need to put that back in the box and pick something else out. right? so that's a little bit of the background for 1944 and for "what the negro wants." so now i'm going to ask you, what are some other insights, some other ideas, some other things that come to you in this

that fdr went after, and i support trump in going after it too. trish: interesting.bezos has lost a lot of money. he is certainly feeling some pain. doug wead, thank you so much. we're heading life to the floor of the new york stock exchange momentarily. guess what? we're up 106 points. what a day this has been. it is not over yet. we got another hour and six minutes to go in this market and investors seem to be, coming to grips here with the threat of tariffs. so i will see you back here right after this. . each day our planet awakens with signs of opportunity. but with opportunity comes risk. and to manage this risk, the world turns to cme group. we help farmers lock in future prices, banks manage interest rate changes and airlines hedge fuel costs. all so they can manage their risks and move forward. it's simply a matter of following the signs. they all lead here. cme group - how the world advances. . trish: all right, everyone, we want to take a look at these markets, had an awfully nice reversal as we head into the final hour of trading. you can see we are up 88

she's out there sticking up for fdr. were you surprised to hear cardi b.'in line with you on that? >> yes. and here's what the modern world is about. for 20 years i've been fighting to strengthen social security, fighting to increase benefits, and she comes along and suddenly we get more attention in one day than i think i've gotten in 20 years. that says something about the modern world. >> well, it's amazing how she said if you want to make america great, fdr made america great because of social security and you retweeted it. listen, it's so amazing to me the way that young people relate to you. you are, you know, you're young at heart. i wouldn't say that you're a young guy -- >> you wouldn't? >> and yet somehow -- not so much. >> see, there is droipgs thiscr that goes on. >> why is it that you have >> one time we did a rally during the campaign and a lot of people there at the end you go down and shake a lot of hands. and some young man came up to me and said you know, bernie, what i like about you is you treat us like intelligent people, all right? in

the divisions within the caucus 1937, fully exposed in when fdr's failed efforts to supreme e size of the court so the president could add more liberal judges. that split the democratic caucus down the middle. the court packing episode. large part to in the strain of trying to manage court packingsial legislation, the majority leader of a heart attack. unlimely death cleared the run for the ey to position. here's what happened. all the senators got on a train for down to little rock the funeral. they politicked all the way down politicked all the way back. when they got back. a vote.k and the race was between alvin of as , who was thought kind of the roosevelt guy, and at harrison from mississippi who was a more conservative bent. they counted the votes one vote.n by one vote. down toeek after, going the funeral and came back, they had been politicking the whole time. the politics, of course, create vacuum. if you ever want to see active a iticking going on, go to funeral. because there will always be maneuvering going on over who is be the successor. they dropped their ballots. it wa

the second cartoon i've brought out is about fdr. franklin delano roosevelt. mr. block is not quite embracing the democratic at. he is making fun of not being able to add additional supreme court justices, said therefore to support congress to implement his plan to improve the economy. we know ultimately roosevelt prevailed and the new deal past mr. block is making fun of him for wasting time when he could've been passing legislation but he is trying to implement the court plan to add six more justices to the court. here we have both candidates for president in 1948, truman and do dewey gesturing to a typical man that mr. gesturing to a man who looks like a typical character to show a respectable southern gentleman as he also represents congress. bloch is upset about the changes in the immigration plans implemented in the united states in the aftermath of world war ii. he is very much in favor of letting displaced people immigrate to the united states. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2018] [captioning performed by the national captioning institu

in these 15-16 months than any other president has cut in four years, eight years, or as you know, fdr, in one case 16 years and it is not even close. we inherit the legacy of the great americans who constructed the railroads, tamed the frontiers, else the highways, carved out the panama canal, and put a man on the face of the moon. and by the way, excuse me, do you see how our space program is going? a little different. and we are letting those rich guys that like rockets -- go ahead, pay us some rent. you can use cape canaveral. just pay us rent and spend that money. pretty amazing, right? how about when the engines come down, they come down and they land so they can use them again. that looks like a futuristic, beautiful stuff. we have reinvigorated our space program to a level that nobody thought possible in this short period of time. nasa is back. nasa is back. and mars is waiting for us. you know that. great. you know what it is? it is great. it is science. it is important. very important militarily. we have the best military. we have the best military in the world. we are going

but at the same time these teams are playing for a football game, fdr and churchill are in d.c. planning for war. and in these little nuggets that i would pull out of my research, the oregon state can get on a train and as i write about in the book, it's got air conditioning. it's got menus. it's got beautiful white linen and silverware, things that these young boys had never seen before. and they stopped at all the small towns and they got off in chicago to stagg field to practice and stretch their legs. well, it turns out as i was doing my research the origins of the manhattan project, those scientists that were working in the early stages of all the scientific things that produce the bomb, or working in an undisclosed lab about 200 yards from where the oregon state football team was practicing in chicago. and then when they suit up for the game, both teams, and again that oregon state won a genuine first, 1942, fdr and churchill are in the white house at one of the early conferences of the war deciding where should we send her allied troops first, where are we going to attack

getting a lot of attention after a social security twitter account showed a vision tweeting her love of fdrie sanders responded to that tweet where cardi b explained america wouldn't be great without our security system. the senator from vermont saying she's right, without social security, seniors can't retire for what they deserve. >>> leading the news, the senate had overturned a long standing rule, now have babies under the age of 1 on the floor of the chak ber. senators can bring their newborns along and breast feed them during votes. spearheaded by amy duckworth who gave birth to her baby last month becoming the first senator to do so. and extending the important message that working parents every where zwev family friendly workplace policies. >>> bill cosby's defense team put their star on the stand. margaret jackson says she and cosby's chief accuser, andrea constand worked together, constand talk about framing a celebrity for money. cosby continues to denies all allegations of sexually ashaults and drugging women. >>> remarkable construction effort in what's been called the world's

fdr was not known to make too he of an appearance because was concealing his disability. shenor roosevelt was there, was very much the leader of the easter egg role during that time. or is the first lady president to speak live directly from the easter egg role on the radio. it was very good. there was one year where was not so good, it was unnaturally very cold and only about 5000 kids showed up which is really tiny for something like this. and she more or less discouraged every -- encourage everyone to run around, have fun and stay warm. presidents andt war, what happened during the bush administration when the iraq war was going on? and first ladyt had a great idea that in order remind our active-duty destiny satirize our active-duty members are making great they had yellow for the iraq war. >> the yellow ribbon concept. >> support our troops. then the second bush administration did something similar. they closed the grounds down one you for the easter egg role and barred the general public and made a special event for active-duty and reserve military members. then it

the fdr brick convened twice december 11, 2017, and march 2, 2018. you are have the materials that were dribistributed from the ch with the letter also on the table. they give you a break down of the different issues we're ta talking about today, including a snapshot of where the different investigations are. the fdrb that i just mentioned, first quarter, fourth quarter covered review the following four investigations. 14005, 14007 and 16002. i'll briefly review those three incidents. ewald 14 -- oiled at at the intersection of california and batteri batteries. a roll over car collision at battery and california. a good samaritan went to assist the driver, the driver fired at them. officers attempted to persuade the armed suspect to vendor but he he emerged from his car po t pointed a firearm at the officers and six officers fired fatally striking him. this was an inpolicy oil officer-involv officer-involved. . >> four plained clothes officers suspe suspected a hand to hand narcotics transaction. two officers approached the subject. the subjects. one

in fdr's case it was anti-wall street, and in reagan's case it was against washington. i believe trump understood something that eluded a lot of people, was that, you know, power has been drifting from the the people and the localities to big government and corporate americaa over the last 50, 60 years. and i think part of the frustration on the part of trump voters is that they feel their power is slipping away to big corporations and to big governments, and they have less opportunity to determine their ownov destiny. and so this is -- and trump understood this, and he tapped into it. so that makes his election very, very important in the context of american history. >> host: let's hear from michael in fayette, alabama. good afternoon, michael, you're on booktv. >> caller: good afternoon. i want to thank the panel for mentioning, first of all, political politeness versus today's harshness in political discourse. and i want to beg those of you at c-span to have an early morningor "washington journal" episode or j a booktv episode or something, anything, about nonpolitic

the second cartoon is about fdr. mr. block has not yet come to a point where he is embracing the democratic party yet. what you are seeing is a cartoon that makes fun of roosevelt for being unable to add additional supreme court justices to therefore force congress to implement his plans to improve the economy. we know that ultimately roosevelt prevailed, and the new deal past, but block is making fun of him for wasting time when he could have been passing legislation by trying to implement the court plan to add six more justices to the court. we have both candidates for president in 1948, truman and do uey.- dy he looks like it to vogel the character to show respectable drew thegentleman -- character to show respectable southern gentleman. it talks about plans implemented after world war ii. mr. block was very much in favor of letting displaced people emigrate to the united states. he is showing his disapproval of congress's new immigration plan by depicting the statue of liberty wishing people away from the shores rath

fdr was not known to make too big of an appearance because he was concealing his disability. but eleanor roosevelt was there. she was very much the leader of the easter egg roll during that time. she's the first lady or president to speak live directly from the easter egg roll on the radio. and usually the weather was very good. there was one year where it was not so good, it was unnaturally very, very cold. and only about 5,000 kids showed up, which is really a tiny number for something like this. and she more or less just urged everybody to run around, jump up and down a lot, have fun and stay warm. >> while we're talking about presidents and war, tell me what happens during the bush administration when the iraq war was going on. >> yes. so the president and first lady had a great idea that in order to remind everyone that even on the happiest occasions we need to remember the sacrifices that our active duty military is making. they have all the easter eggs dyed yellow for the first iraq war. >> that's the yellow ribbon concept. >> exactly. support our troops. and then the

silent in defending the men and women of the fti and so someone like me who made the transition from fdrover to journalism would constantly hear from my colleagues about how demoralizing it is. take about this if you work for company known that the ceo was bashing your division. let's talk about the practical aspects of what these attacks have done to the fbi and it comes down to this. job isn't to, my defend the fbi. it is to explain the fbi and explain why these attacks have an effect. it is very simple. the agent knocks on someone's door and needs their assistance in solving crime, the willingness of that person to assist the agent directly correlates with their view of the agency. if they see the agency as trustworthy, they are more likely to assist. if they see it as another corrupt institution, how many people are going to assist question mark i did a lot of work overseas and i can talk about one instance where we went .o need a source we took the automobiles to meet this person and when we got there, we asked him why did you not go to your own law enforcement? why call the fbi? he

macarthur was a theatrical narcissistic figure and fdr calls him on the most dangerous men in america. marshall with this commanding self-sustaining character, that was something that marshall had really created. ultimately this point had the highest rank of the us army but when you go back to earlier in his career in the mid-30s is rising so slowly in the ranks that effect he would have to quit. at the time he was this mess actually. he was, had a terrible temper, he smokes all the time. and he ended up having two nervous breakdowns. hospitalizations. and when he was in his early 30s . it was at that point where he saw that he would have to construct a different kind of persona and then anyway. that's where you get the kind of stoic marshall that he is at this point and it really is what people around himself. so you have accounts from the most commanding figures and what they were talking about about marshall and they especially go into this idea of this story and a sense of calm as soon as he enters it. that is not the marshall that you would have seen. >> most americans obviously,

so the second cartoon i've brought out today is about fdr, franklin roosevelt. mr. block has not yet come to a point where he's embracing the democratic party yet. so what you're seeing is a car on that makes fun of roosevelt for being unable to add additional supreme court justices to therefore force congress to implement his plans to improve the economy. of course, we know that ultimately roosevelt prevailed and the new deal passed, but block is making fun of him for wasting time when he could have been passing legislation by trying to implement the court plan to add six more justices to the court. here we have both candidates for president in 1948, truman and dewey gesturing to a man who looks like a typical character that mr. block drew to show respectable southern gentlemen. he also represents congress. and block is upset about the changes in the immigration plans implemented in the united states in the aftermath of world war ii. mr. block was very much in favor of letting displaced people immigrate to the united states. so he is saying his disapproval of congr

his name joins another firm, fdr. --fbr. good morning to you. once described your investment philosophy as understanding big revolutionary andes in the markets, taking advantage of structural opportunities created by these changes. >> that is true. how are you taking advantage of it? : the: the biggest -- manny biggest change, small banks, medium banks, in the equity side and in the debt side. there is a revolution taking place. they are getting the advantage swingsive pendulum and thederegulation, administration put in rules that favor small banks, so the playing field is not level. they have huge advantages over large banks. they are growing at 8%, with 12-15%.growing at that has become a positive theirck loop, where stocks are doing well. the capital markets are open. a new high today. that is a plus for banks because of the way they have structured themselves. we have more gasoline on the fire. we have new regulation coming out of the senate am a probably the house by memorial day, that favors small banks. erik: when you say small, how much

that's sort of a new found fdr. on the other hand, he was a bridge builder right. red american, blue america, no we're the united states of america. i'm going to be post partisan in fact. you can't be both those things it turns out. it's really hard and inevitably some people were disappointed. - at the end of the eight years the country was divided. you can't necessarily say he divided the country. but there is no question that the country was divided. outside of the federal elections, the state became, the states, pardon me, plural, became more and more red over those eight years. democrats lost state legislations, they lost governorships, the lost all kinds of offices back home. and really the politics did not turn out after the eight years the way that he or the people that supported him would have wanted. - no, it's interesting. he was the most polarizing president since george w. bush. and now donald trump is the most polarizing president since barack obama. we seem to be in a sour period in our history to some extent. and for the entire eight years that he w

. >> oliver: tonight, war stories investigates, did fdr know pearl harbor would be attacked?> he wanted an outrageous japanese attack at pearl harbor, that would unite this country. >> oliver: or was it a surprise? >> roosevelt had no desire to be in a war against japan. >> oliver: and admiral kim's grandson speaks out. >> and died last night at his home, he was of 5. the next news break at the bottom of the hour. next war stories with oliver north. >> oliver:

i i like tof fdr welcome you to an enlightening discussion. given the news, i'm confident that our panel will have no shortage of topics. we will be focusing on russia's march 18 election and what it means for domestic and foreign policy over putin's next term, putin 4.0. then we will move to a q&a session where you can pose euro question. let me introduce our panelists. andvite you to join me extending them a warm welcome. [applause] to introduce them, and they are , chris millerrder is an assistant professor of international history at the fletcher school of law and diplomacy and the director of the eurasia program. his research examines russian political history. he received his phd from yale. david in merman stein fellow at brookings with the foreign policy program's center. in politics and nationalism and russian foreign policy. examines theok rise of far-right political parties in western and eastern europe. shields a doctorate and masters in sociologist from berkeley and a bachelors in economic and social reality from emory university.

he has strong feelings about the jazz age and fdr. but he also had personal motivations such as his own interest in the lincoln story. how did those motivations shape his book, who was his intended audience, and who was the publishers intended audience? ine: washington was born 1880. by 1930, he was 50. person whendle-aged writing this book. he was also a high school teacher in washington. he taught commercial art and worked with kids. he was married but they did not have kids. he was working with kids all the time. he had concerns about the use -- his day.ture of he thought they were too many unwholesome things going on. he was worried about jazz and and movie representation particularly of african-americans. the book is a little bit the style check and that he really admire his grandmother's friends and that generation. a generation that lived through the civil war. imagined both a white and black audience for this book. moreublisher marketed it to a lincoln collecting, wider audience. but washington wanted people to know about what

from where the oregon state football team is practicing in chicago and they stood up forhe the game fdr and churchill are in the white house with one of the early conferences deciding where should we send the allied troopsll first? it was the two parallels while following the sports journey but also to war. another little known fact is pearl harbor when attacked there were two college football t teams in hawaii at the time. thee players outside of portland oregon were there they were there to play a round robin of games against the university of hawaii so there having breakfast and then they start to see bombs dropped in the water and planes overhead and they turn to the waiters and waitresses and said what is going on? don't worry about is just u.s. u navy exercises so they go back to eating and shortly thereafter the smell of oil at their hotel starts to waiver ine the japanese bombers are now spotted word comes over the radio shortly and those men were immediately in scripted into the hawaiian police force given guns and rolls of barbed wire to patrol the streets go down to the beach

in 1935 when fdr goes off to dedicate the hoover dam his motorcade gets lost on the way back to las vegas and the president disappears for the afternoon. no one knows where he is, how to get in touch with him or where within a three state radius he might ask to appear. it harry truman in 1925 takes over as vice president and the vice president didn't receive any secret service protection. they wandered unnoticed and unmolested around washington on his own schedule because no one could imagine needing a vice president very quickly. as long as you could get in touch with him later in the day, maybe tomorrow morning, how quickly can you need a vice president? that begins to condemn this time and space around the presidency and begins to condense as nuclear weapons arrive in decision-making and communication tool require us to have minute by minute hour by hour awareness of the president and the becomes quickly clear that after how tenuous that line of succession is. we think of the president as a person we elect on the first tuesday after the first monday in november every four years. the of

he created an art form with it, the way jack kennedy did with the press conference, or fdr with firesidehats. obama worked with comedians, he scripted it. at the end of the last one when he dropped the mike. that was one of the great moments of it. he killed it all the time, president obama. >> i will say for better or worse, that's also when the dinner became a celebrity affair andless about journalism. there were a lot of changes and it has dialled back from that a little bit. we have much more to come including the comedian michelle wolf just a few minutes away. hi, kids! i'm carl and i'm a broker. do you offer $4.95 online equity trades? great question. see, for a full service brokerage like ours, that's tough to do. schwab does it. next question. do you offer a satisfaction guarantee? a what now? a satisfaction guarantee. like schwab does. what are you teaching these kids? ask your broker if they offer award-winning full service and low costs, backed by a satisfaction guarantee. if you don't like their answer, ask again at schwab. and low costs, backed by a satisfaction guarantee. i

so lend leases passed in 1941 and fdr and president roosevelt gets a bill passed for $7 billion, and it is the largest appropriation of american history at the time, and this appropriation is for the defense industry, and for us to build, and for all of the things that we are going to need, and for the arsenal of democracy, and we will build jeeps and bullets and guns and tanks and aircraft carriers and airplanes and all of the material needed to wage war. in 1940, african-americans make up less than 2% in the nation's aircraft industry. and again, african-americans are 10% of the population and 2% of the aircraft industry. and aviation firms are openly discriminating against african-american, and along with a whole host of aviation efforts. and so they say that you can only be hired as janitorial services. so if you have a bachelor of engineering, you can be a janitor regardless of your education. so we see a pattern of segregation in the society, and so we see the society that reflects the culture in which it operates and so in 1940, you have 45,000 african-american soldiers in the