increased fertilizer use. narrator: the research team began searching for an approach that could be adapted for each farmer. ortiz-monasterio collaborated with dr. bill raun at oklahoma state university who had been developing a handheld radiometer called a greenseeker. this device can assess nutrient needs in real time and help farmers optimize future nitrogen applications. the instrument calculates total average biomass and the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves, data linked to the overall health of the plants. armed with these real-time measurements ortiz-monasterio helped develop a management strategy for nitrogen enrichment. on each plot, the first step is to establish a nitrogen-rich strip, a few hectares that have enough extra nitrogen applied to guarantee maximum crop yields. the nitrogen-rich strip has to represent a level of nitrogen that doesn't have any nitrogen deficiency. that's going to be our reference. once we have the nitrogen strip well established around 45 days after planting, we come alo

increased fertilizer use.erage biomass and the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves, data linked to the overall health of the plants. armed with these real-time measurements, ortiz-monasterio helped develop a management strategy for nitrogen enrichment. on each plot, the first step is to establish a nitrogen-rich strip, a few hectares that have enough extra nitrogen applied to guarantee maximum crop yields. the nitrogen-rich strip has to represent a level of nitrogen that doesn't have any nitrogen deficiency. that's going to be our reference. once we have the nitrogen strip well established, around 45 days after planting, we come along with the sensor, and we take the readings in the n-rich strip, and then we take the readings in the rest of the plot. narrator: the readings are called in to a researcher, who calculates how much additional nitrogen fertilizer the farmer must apply so this particular field can obtain the same yield as the n-rich control strip. much to the surprise of some of the farmers, the calc

the ibf fertility treatments are generally not paid for during most healthcare. so the truth is that to have this as a benefit and have it as an option that healthcare would pay for is a broader conversation as well. this should not be seen as a seductive issue but a healthcare benefit and option for women in general. and maybe other companies should pick this up and other organizations. >> miriam zoll, do you expect we'll see this from other companies, briefly, before we go? >> i have a feeling there is going to be copycatting going on, but there is a 77% failure rate of women age 30 who freeze their eggs and failure of live birth. you're going against the protocol of fertility experts and offering something to women that fails the majority of the time. that has fall out on deep depression. >> will this drive more people to your site because people are going to be curious about what this is all about? >> it already has. in terms of the comment about deep depression, i was in a deep depression when i couldn't meet anyone and i was--my ovarian r reserve kept dwind

nitrate comes from fertilizer, predominantly -- fertilizer and animal waste, including human waste. but there's a lot of agriculture around here, so they fertilize their crops, and it runs off through the surface water into the ground water and then comes out here. you want another one, or is that... the whole area is highly agricultural, so there are cattle feedlots, poultry farms, row crops. the cattle provide animal waste, which are high-nutrient loads, and row crops provide a lot of nitrogen that's not a natural source of nitrogen, through fertilization. moore: human activities basically can degradate the river to the unseen eye, right? to the naked eye, you just look -- it's a pretty river, it flows, it does its thing, but what's going on chemically? and just like if you go out today, you can go out there and see the duckweed and the algae, and these are things that historically have not been there. well, basically, what you have happen is if you get too much of a biomass in there, then you can start destroying the water that way. narrator: increased nutrient levels are a conce

nitrate comes from fertilizer, predominantly -- fertilizer and animal waste, including human waste. but there's a lot of agriculture around here, so they fertilize their crops, and it runs off through the surface water into the ground water and then comes out here. you want another one or is that... the whole area is highly agricultural so there are cattle feedlots poultry farms, row crops. the cattle provide animal waste, which are high-nutrient loads, and row crops provide a lot of nitrogen that's not a natural source of nitrogen, through fertilization. moore: human activities basically can degradate the river to the unseen eye, right? to the naked eye you just look -- it's a pretty river, it flows, it does its thing, but what's going on chemically? and just like if you go out today, you can go out there and see the duckweed and the algae and these are things that historically have not been there. well, basically, what you have happen is if you get too much of a biomass in there, then you can start destroying the water that way. narrator: increased nutrient levels are a concern fo

you're in your 30s and fertility is declining rapidly. it does make sense. the world has changed, attitude of women has changed. biology hasn't changed. leave it to nature. it's a problem when women's fertility falls off the cliff in their 30s. >> should other companies be looking at other issues. if you look in the united states, women still earn only 82% of what a man typically earns. we know the maternity pay and leave in the united states is far behind what other wealthy

we talk so much about fertility issue and creating children.specially talking about certain politics, about preserving life and nobody wants to take care of the lives that come out. where is the structure there for that? >> but i think there's one critical piece that we're missing. and talking to a lot of men tees about is the same we we invest and plan our careers, we have to invest in developing relationships that will yield the families that we want. we talk about relationships materializing. children materializing. nothing materializes. it takes investment. the same way that you're planning out your career, you need to invest in dating if you want a partner. you need to figure out those things as well. >> i also say, and this maybe goes to your chill out point. there are aspects of it simply not in our control. so i had the first baby at 28. i got pregnant in like a week because heck, i was 28. and i was in a point of my career, pretenure. and as much as it worked out, that marriage dissolved. so i had what i thought was a partner, then i h

here we can see this fertilization in closer view.one spermatozoa enters the egg, none others enter .  >>> state with the highest unemployment in the country is georgia. on most economic indicators in the country, no offense to mississippi, but you usually expect mississippi to define the basement, not true on unemployment. georgia is beating mississippi by a significant chunk, actually. georgia is the worst in the nation. and the georgia is up for reelection. he's slightly ahead in his reelection race being hard fought against a democrat named jason carter. governor nathan deal has been trying to fend off political attacks about georgia having the worst unemployment rate in the nation under his leadership by denying that the unemployment numbers are real numbers. nathan deal has decided the only reason georgia's unemployment numbers appear to be so terrible is because of a conspiracy in washington to lie about those numbers in order to make nathan deal look bad. what? yes. >> i don't know how you come up with that. maybe there is

here we can see this fertilization in closer view.thers enter . n you ? yes sir. alright. let's share the news tomorrow. today we failrly busy. tomorrow we're booked solid. we close on the house tomorrow. i want one of these opened up. because tomorow we go live... it's a day full of promise. and often, that day arrives by train. big day today? even bigger one tomorrow. when csx trains move forward, so does the rest of the economy. csx. how tomorrow moves. transferred money from his before larry instantly bank of america savings account to his merrill edge retirement account. before he opened his first hot chocolate stand calling winter an "underserved season". and before he quit his friend's leaf-raking business for "not offering a 401k." larry knew the importance of preparing for retirement. that's why when the time came he counted on merrill edge to streamline his investing and help him plan for the road ahead. that's the power of streamlined connections. that's merrill edge and bank of america. i'm just looking over the company bi

she turned out to be exceptionally fertile.as exceptionally infertile. >> adrian wanted the experience of birth. so adoption was out of the question. after hearing about the repository on tv, they decided to check it out. >> so what did you actually read about the repository that struck you? >> really the basic thing was the research on the donor's past and their genetics and history, number one. and number two, what they had accomplished. >> the donors? >> the donors, yeah. >> they applied and their application was accepted. >> i can't believe you still have this brochure, the repository for germinal choice not only enables the wives to become mothers, but increases the chances of giving their children a genetically advantaged start in life. and these are the donor profiles? you still have these as well? >> each donor was given a color-coded i.d. to protect their identity. do doanor clear and mushia were at the top of their list. >> with exceptional athletic ability, northwest, european, blue eyes, fair skin, blonde hair, prof

here we can see this fe fertilization in closer view.rm ma ta zoen enters the egg, none others enter can you start tomorrow? yes sir. alright. let's share the news tomorrow. today we failrly busy. tomorrow we're booked solid. we close on the house tomorrow. i want one of these opened up. because tomorow we go live... it's a day full of promise. and often, that day arrives by train. big day today? even bigger one tomorrow. when csx trains move forward, so does the rest of the economy. csx. how tomorrow moves. car insurance companies say they'll save you by switching, you'd have, like, a ton of dollars. but how are they saving you those dollars? a lot of companies might answer "um" or "no comment." then there's esurance. born online, raised by technology and majors in efficiency. so whatever they save, you save. hassle, time, paperwork, hair-tearing out, and, yes, especially dollars. esurance. insurance for the modern world. now backed by allstate. click or call. there are more reasons than ever why now is the best time to be on verizon. o

a year later, the mother's fertilized egg was implanted and vincent was delivered early by cesarea cesarean. >> he screamed almost immediately. that's a good sign. >> reporter: there are risks to the mom and the woman who donate. >> unknown risks to any children who would be born. first couple of attempts at a pregnancy they decided to abort when it appeared there were irregularities and fetal abnormalities. >> reporter: but the dream of having a child has come closer for many families. >> they are in good health. >> reporter: hope for women who thought carrying their own child was impossible. it is a tricky procedure,

they've been in fertility treatment. >> before the photo they learned they're not having one, not two, not three, but four babies. >> jackpot. >> two sets of identical twins. chances of that, one in 70 million. ashley now 18 weeks ago. guess what she's having, guys. four little boygirls. >> oh, wow! >> they're getting a jump on those sisters. >> really. that's perfect. >> wow! >> congratulations. >> we wish them the best. >> absolutely. >> can't wait to see the babies when they're born. i'm sure we'll cover it. >> absolutely will do that. >>> next video, here is what happens to a guy singing the canadian national anthem at a hockey game. check it out.

fertility doctors and women's rights advocates says it helps women pursue career goals and gives them more options for family planning. >> the population of women who would need it is the professional women, the ones who are building a career and have the potential to become ceos and, and, and top level people but need years to do that. >> reporter: apple released a statement saying we want to empower women at apple to do the best work. their lives as they care for loved ones and raise their families. facebook started doing this in january. apple offers this benefit next year. back to you. >> kiet, tell us, what has the trend been in the past few years of women actually freezing their eggs? >> reporter: you know, some media outlets have been polling some fertility clinics in the city and the tri-valley. everyone is saying that the number has tripled in the past couple of years people wanting to freeze their eggs and get their careers going. live at facebook in menlo park kiet do, kpix 5. >> good thing to know. you can still have a nice career and have children. >> i think if you have

fertilizer nourishes fields that now are farmed without ceasing.odern health care staves off disease... but only for a time. sanders: after the classic maya abandoned this valley around 1200 a.d., it wasn't reoccupied until early in the 19th century. since then, the population has steadily increased to reach a point today approximately the same as it was just before the classic maya collapse. the difference is that in the 20th century, it has been increasing at a rate four times as fast. and what this means is that within 23 years, the population will be double what it was at the classic maya peak. webster: modern honduran farmers make short-term contingent decisions. they do what they have to do to keep themselves and their families going. now, the ancient maya went from one short-term decision to another and, ultimately, destroyed their basic resource, which was, of course, land. today we're doing what humans have always done. we're making immediate decisions without regard to their ultimate consequences. keach: mexico city is one of the largest

>> reporter: so fertility clinics have been polled in the city and tri-valley area. they have seen a sharp spike in the past couple of years. the number has about tripled or so since 2011. live in menlo park, facebook headquarters, kiet do, kpix 5. >>> time now is 5:08. dream vacation home oceanview, wrong lot. why no one realized the builder's big mistake. >> a violent night in hong kong as tensions escalate between protestors and the police. after the break, details on what is fueling that big conflict. >> raindrops on the rooftops this morning. hi, everybody. now we'll tell you when to expect the rain to end. >> and if you're about to set off on your morning commute, so far, so good if you are traveling westbound 237. here's a live look in milpitas. we'll take a check of the rest of your morning drive after the break. but first, we want to know what drives you crazy during your commute. ask a question or share a gripe by emailing crazy@kpix.com. or tweet me at #ewengerkpix and watch to see if your question gets answered on air. time is 5-- ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ebol

becoming two of the first and biggest companies to cover costs for this expensive fertility treatment. $10,000 to $15,000 on average, plus $500 a year for stovrj. a benefit some working women wish they'd had. >> it cost me about $13,500. >> reporter: last year, the 36-year-old style expert paid out of pocket to freeze her eggs. after realizing her professional success had delayed her dream of starting a family. >> i know at some point i want to have my own biological children as well as adopt. >> reporter: it's part of the new benefits package that includes invitro fertilization and adoption coverage. but does it send the message that work comes first and family can wait? would you want your employer to do this? >> i'm in favor of things which level the playing field. >> i think it means they want women to put their career in front of starting a family. >> i hope it will catch on. i hope more companies will see how great this is for women in general. >> the good is that item powers women and gives them more choices. the bad is it communicates a message to women that their workplaces m

personhood is when you attempt to give a fees tus or a fertilized egg legal rights.ception as the beginning of life, ashleigh, and a fertilized egg, if it's defined as a living being, will then have rights they don't normally have now. it has enormous implications, not only just for abortion rights, but it could have implications in in vitro fertilization, implications with birth control, and so on. >> so some people, paul, say there's so much ambiguity, but when i looked at the laws they seemed clearcut to me and i'm not entirely sure where the ambiguity comes in. >> well i have to agree with you on that. these laws seem very, very clear. i mean some of them say and one i think the wording was what, from colorado. >> is that the one with the brady amendment, the interest of the protection of pregnant mothers and their unborn children. put it up on the screen. >> or actually the north -- >> that's not the one. >> the north dakota -- >> this one up. >> this is not a constitutional amendment. this is the -- >> this amendment 67. >> attempt to amend the criminal laws. >

>> we visited the doctors, and she turned out to be exceptionally fertile and i was exceptionally infertile>> adrian wanted the experience of birth. so adoption was out of the question. they decided to check out the repository. >> what did you actually read about the repository that struck you? >> really, the basic thing was that research into the donors' past, their genetics, and their health history number one. but number two would be the, what they had accomplished. >> the donors. >> the donors, yeah. >> the rams applied, and their application was quickly accepted. >> i can't believe you still have this brochure. the repository for germinal choice not only enables the wives to become mothers but increases the chances of giving their children a genetically advantaged start in life. and these are donor profiles? you still have these as well? >> each donor was given a color-coded i.d. to protect their identities. donor clear and donor fuchsia were at the top of the rams' list. >> outstanding intellect with exceptional athletic ability. european, professor of science. at a major university.

it would interfere with in vitro fertilization procedures. senator ernst has said that under the personhood amendment, doctors should be prosecuted for performing legal, medical procedures. >> a chance for both of you to rebuttal. acterizing my position. especially when it comes to birth control. i will always protect a woman's right to access to birth control. i agree with the supreme court's ruling but that doesn't mean a woman can't get reliable, safe birth control. her doctorll go to and receive birth control. it is not outlawing birth control. this is a ploy to scare women and we shouldn't be doing that. i will protect their right to access to birth control. let us make that clear. when it comes to a deciding -- you've there is life, just said that it's determine -- it is determined by law. there has to be consensus on these issues. where there is not consensus, there will not be a law. >> thank you. >> senator ernst, your words have consequences. you can't say that you protect a woman's writes to contraception and then vote against it o

they do not go as far as recommending for purposes of delaying fertility. if you're talking medical reasons, that's a different story. i've written about that as well. if you're undergoing cancer and you're at risk of your fertility being compromised, let's say through chemotherapy, egg freezing can be a great benefit because if you haven't had children yet, you want to freeze your eggs, that's also not covered by insurance. great if you're working at facebook and apple and unfortunately, you may have some of these health issues, that may be a great perk. >> thank you very much. i think we've got the message there. it's not exactly as brilliant as it may appear. thank you so much seema p mohapatra talking to us live from florida. >> we'll look at inspired victory in the indian super league. >> it's time for the sports news. >> thank you so much, martine. uefa has charged serbia and albania with various disciplinary offenses. albania includes refusing to play. if forced the violence that led to the qualifying match in belgrade being abandoned. both countries

freeze their eggs, becoming two of the first and biggest companies to cover costs for this expensive fertility treatment. $10,000 to 15,000 on average plus $500 a year for storage. a benefit some working women wish they'd had. >> it cost me about $13,500. >> reporter: last year the 36-year-old style expert paid out of pocket to freeze her eggs. after realizing her professional success had delayed her dream of starting a family. >> i know at some point i want to have my own biological children as well as adopt. >> reporter: it's part of the new benefits package that includes in vitro fertilization and adoption coverage. but does it send the message that work comes first and family can wait? >> would you like your employer to do something like this? >> i'm in favor of things that level the playing field. >> put their career in front of starting a family. >> i hope it will catch on and more companies will see how great this is for women in general. >> it empowers women and gives them more choices. the bad is it communicates a message to women that their workplaces may not be tolerant to women who

these fertile lands he had feed the nation. california produces nearly half of america's fruits, nuts and vegetables, but without water, these fields because a dust bowl. the impact is widely felt. with nearly 430,000-acres left unplanted and the loss of 17,000 jobs, the drought is costing california $2.2 billion. for the nation, there will be an increase in food prices for years to come. >> if it's dryer, it's going to be a disaster the world has never seen before. >> what will you do then? >> it's scary to think about it. >> dry spells and droughts are common here. bringing water is an engineering feat. twenty reservoirs transfer water to the central valley through canals and pumping stations. today, although major reservoirs way below capacity. we went to one to see. >> the san luis reservoir, during the period of drought is only 20% full. >> these images show just how depleted some of california's reservoirs are today. these all time low water levels can be seen from space. i visited nasa's propulsion lab where they track w

the versatile isis, goddess of fertility patroness of magic and healing and queen of the sky. thoth, a lunar god often represented as a baboon... an ibis... or an ibis-headed human... patron of knowledge and writing, and protector of the scribes. great and small, the gods took different forms-- usually human or animal in shape, and often both-- all of them familiar to the ancient egyptians. when we talk about the hundreds of egyptian gods, each and every one of those is a manifestation of something they associate with the notion of deity or god. for example, the crocodile god, whose name is sobek. the egyptians did not worship crocodiles, they worshipped in this case the force that they associate with the crocodile, who is one of the most fearsome and powerful enemies that they have in their world. so they want to control that particular essence, and they turn it into a deity that they can worship and offer to and then get back what they want from it. (narrator) the nile's fertile banks and the hills just beyond were home to birds and animals that fed the egyptian imagination.

but the prospect of women beginning to do this in order to simply preserve their fertility while theyance their careers is a new phenomenon and somewhat more troubling because it is simply not as successful as having children through ordinary conception or even true ordinary in vitro fertilization and freezing your embryos. >> ifill: sara's kosher pizza, -- sarah elizabeth richard, you've written a book about this, "motherhood rescheduled: the new frontier of egg freezing and the women who tried it". what are the options for women here? >> it's great that companies are covering it and makes the option available for women who wouldn't have paid for it on their own or didn't have the option to pay for it. so they'll have more opportunities to have children. that said, this is unchartered territory because first wave of women who froze their eggs pretty much froze because they didn't have a partner or because they had gone through a divorce or weren't in the right relationship. they froze for love. now we're seeing this being put out there as something, would a 32-year-old freeze because

. >> reporter: fertility centers are encouraging women who can't have kids now to freeze their eggs.can stop time and preserve your fertility for when yao are ready. >> reporter: but the procedure is rarely covered by insurance and it is expensive. now facebook is helping its female employees potentially covering most of that cost. and apple is making a similar offer starting in january. a company spokes women told al jazeera: >> it takes some of the financial burden after -- it's almost like a no-brainer decision to do this, and then feel great about having that sort of insurance policy to pursue a family later on when they are ready. >> reporter: the perk is unusual for companies to offer, and it may help facebook and apple attract more women. men far outwomen on their tech teams. managers are mostly men too. those ratios are roughly in line with other rivals. but critics say by paying for egg freezing, apple and facebook are encouraging women to focus on work. >> on the one hand it is supporting women to have a family, but it is also sending people a message that our work is the m

apparently it's what you drink that will increase or decrease a man's fertility. >> by experience. >>d a rare catch. a group of fishermen reel in something truly alarming. >>> and talk about a turn around. a much different outcome for game two of the world series. our guys at espn with the highlights. right when you feel a cold sore, abreva can heal it in as few as two and a half days when used at the first sign. without it the virus spreads from cell to cell. only abreva penetrates deep and starts to work immediately to block the virus and protect healthy cells. you could heal your cold sore, fast, as fast as two and a half days when used at the first sign. learn how abreva starts to work immediately at abreva.com don't tough it out, knock it out, fast. with abreva. one twin would follow a prox advaanti aging regimendy. the other wouldn't. i'm not wearing nearly as much make up as i used too. all who use prox felt they looked younger. just that natural, pretty, healthy, skin. just like that look i love it. their twin sisters agreed. she looks so much better than me. this is going to

-- because the fertilized eggs may be destroyed, do you feel in vitro fertilization should be banned ?test test. >> i have a friend with two beautiful daughters because of in vitro fertilization. i'm glad that she is blessed to be a mother. braley, we will move onto a series of questions for you and then a chance for rebuttal. we would like to ask you to please be specific with your answers as well. at what point during fetal development do you believe a woman should not have an abortion? >> i have always stated that i oppose all late-term abortions that are not necessary to save the life or health of the mother. >> by late-term, can you be specific? >> it's a term that has a specific legal meaning because of existing law. when the rights of the mother and the rights of the child has significance in terms of deciding. >> do you support employers selecting the types of contraband -- contraception they're willing to provide underinsurance? >> not at all and senator ernest made the statement that she supports a woman's right to contraception and yet she supports the supreme court decisi

to be a debate for some time. >> i have to say, there's -- i would like to see more emphasis with fertilitynts. it's such a big issue for a lot of women who are trying to get pregnant and can't and it's very expensive. >> but this is -- this is an up side. to see a company willing to offer that. that should be a positive. >> a lot of people are concerned about it tells -- sends the wrong message to women. wait, wait. work comes first. you can also -- it's not necessarily true. i would like to hear from our viewers. go to our facebook page. >> we'll tweet this stuff ot. we'd love to heari your reactio to this. >>> turning to fall, this season. you always start seeing what show up? pumpkin this, pumpkin that. i saw pumpkin beer. >> you did? >> it was delicious. i will drink any flavor of that. we're going to show you how to do the seasonal thing in our insomniac kitchen. >> they don't have pumpkin red bull. >>> moms to be working out right up to delivery date but is an intense workout luke crossfit safe? you're watching "world news now." >> announcer: "world news now" >>> pumpkin spice lattes

. >> reporter: fertility science has gone through a revolution, radically changing the landscape for women who want to have children. two tech giants are offering a benefit that just two years ago was deemed no longer experimental. egg freezing. apple and facebook will offer up to $20,000 when done for nonmedical reasons. each round costs around $10,000. storage, roughly $500 a year. done at a young enough age, egg freezing can dramatically increase the chances of getting pregnant later in life. >> if you come in to get pregnant, let's say, at 42, 43 and we have eggs frozen from when you're 35, it's like we're setting the clock back seven or eight years, which is a huge advantage. >> fertility doctor got an e-mail from a patient today which she said kind of sums up the mood around the office. subject, omg, just announced facebook and apple to cover egg-freezing costs. >> with a thousand exclamation egg-freezing costs. >> with a thousand exclamation marks. just announced facebook and apple to cover egg freezing >> reporter: the majority of patients who come in, and there are more and

all couples, even fertile ones, must first go through in-vitro fertilization, the process in which a sperm is injected into a woman's eggs under a microscope to create embryos. then, five days later, a tiny tube just one 20th the diameter of a human hair is used to extract from each embryo one single cell to be genetically tested for disease. it's just one cell? >> hughes: yes. >> o'donnell: you can tell that much from one cell? >> hughes: you can tell an awful lot in one cell. >> o'donnell: that cell is packed up at fertility clinics across the country and shipped overnight in ordinary-looking boxes like these to screening labs. we followed the process at dr. hughes' lab, called genesis genetics, just outside detroit, where a team of scientists took over. so what do you do with that one cell when it arrives here? >> hughes: well, we're busy. we have to break the cell open. they have to pull out this enormous encyclopedia of genetic information. >> o'donnell: he's talking about the cell's dna, our genetic code that scientists represent with four letters-- a, c, t and g. for a gene to

. >> once an egg is fertilized, it has to pass the test in the lab. it has to grow.t embryo has to make it for five or six days in the lab and reach an advance stage before we freeze it. that one egg that then became that embryo that made it for that time has really proven itself. it has passed several obstacles. when you go on a per egg basis, then, yes, you are going to see much lower numbers. cheryl? >> i just have to say, and again i'm looking at this from a very different perspective, not medical but business. a lot of these women, these young women, cheryl sandberg, wrote the book "lean in." she is kind of portrayed as having it all. a lot of these women are finding, they can't have it all. you are right. you want to be a single parent? to have this option presented by a top company in california saying, we're going to pay you a lot of great money, come here and have kids later, it is a very aractive promise. from a business perspective, this is going to work on a lot of these young exec tifrs. >> cheryl, doctor, thank you so much. >> don't miss cheryl on the f