heart attacks are down by more than 70%, part of that is our funding of something called the framingham'sddie in massachusetts, which taught us with the risk factors are. we didn't know what hypertension was and how critical it was too treated until that came along. part of this is also drugs. stefan isknow about because of basic science research done 30 years ago by noble laureates figuring out that there is a critical pathway to control cholesterol and you can interfere with that with the development of a particular drug. caseen humans emerged from -- the average life expectancy was 20. itay in the developed world, is maybe around 80. we have increased our life expectancy roughly four times, how much can people keep increasing longevity? >> much of that happened over the last 100 years. if you look at 1900, the average lifespan was only in the late 40's. you have dramatically extended that. zip extendable beyond the age 100? it is not clear that if we don't tinker with biology that will get much beyond that point, because there seems to be a program here of limited lifespan, and evoluti

part of that is our funding something called the framingham study in massachusetts, which taught us whatfactors are that you could interfere with. we did not know how important hypertension was and how critical it was to treat it until that came along. part of this is drugs -- statins, the most commonly prescribed drugs these days. why do we know about statins? it is because of basic science research done 30 years ago by nobel laureates brown and goldstein figuring out there was a critical pathway that controlled cholesterol and you could interfere with that with the development of a particular drug. david: when humans emerged from caves 200,000 years ago or so, or homo sapiens emerged, the average life expectancy was 20. more or less. today it is more or less, in the developed world, the united states, maybe around 80, so we have increased our life expectancy by four times. how much longer do you think people really can keep increasing their longevity? dr. collins: so, much of that happened in the last hundred years. if you look at around 1900, average lifespan in the united states was

the other way is to look at risk are some models that are age-old, the framingham study, it gives a scale you plug in the numbers we received yesterday into that, it puts him around 11%, which would be a high/low or low/intermediate risk, which is about right. >> i want to ask about his cognitive state. questions have been raised about that. the president slurred his speech. let me play that moment to remind people. >> i asked the leaders of the region political and religious, israeli and palestinian, jewish and christian and muslim to join us in the noble quest for lasting peace. thank you, god bless you, god bless israel, god bless the palestinians and god bless the united states. >> so people wanted an explanation. obviously after that, what was that? it was so different than his normal way of speaking. yesterday for the first time, the white house doctor explained that he had given the president sudafed and that causes dry mouth and that that's what happened that day. that was helpful. but sanjay, tell us also what the doctor revealed about any cognitive tests that he gave the preside

today, the framingham study has expanded to include biospecimen banks and collection of data and any researcher can request access to the underlying data sets. technology, no matter how powerful, is always just a tool. it's our commitment to the transparent and science-based use of those tools that gives them their potential to save and improve lives and build many more practical framingham studies for the 21st sent tries based on a growing number of data tools and data sets. to reach their fool potential, open data, real world data, wearable and implant able diagnostics will all have to be validated through transparency processes that gain the trust of stakeholders in their reliability and the fda will be at the the epicenter of this process. not by inventing new values but by reinventing ourselves to century long commitment for product safety and esfekttiveness and remaining the benchmark for global excellence. thank you. thanks for your time today, look forward to your questions. >> so i think people should have index cards and if you can put questions down there and just raise yo

those tools that gives them their potential to save and improve lives and build many more practical framingham studies for the 21st century based on a growing number of open sourced data tools and data sets. to reach their potential open data, and advance trial designs will all have to be validated through transparent processes that gain the trust of stakeholders. not by inventing new values but by recommitting ourselves to fda's centurylong commitment to its gold standard for evaluating effectiveness and safety. thanks a lot. thanks for your time today. look forward to your questions. >> so i think people should have index cards. and if you can put questions down there and just raise your hand with them, we'll collect them. and i'll get them and we'll be able to ask questions. i'm going to come over and get started. mr. gottlieb, thank you very much. it did not disappoint with some transparency of the news at the agency. i want to start with a general question and start with some specifics about the announcements that you made. some people think of fda as a black box, that the agency sits out