franklin roosevelt looked tired and old. ♪ in april, a great man was dead. franklin delano roosevelt was deeply followed by people all around the world. ♪ in the cabinet room of the white house, harry s. truman was sworn in as president. on the very eve of victory and its deserving aftermath, his was the heavy duty of carrying on with the leaders of america's allies. 25 days later, on may 7, and a 25 days later, on may 7, and a little schoolhouse in france, came the unconditional surrender of germany. 25 days later, on may 7, and a little schoolhouse in france, came the unconditional surrender of germany. general alfred jodl, nazi chief of staff, signs a document ending all resistance. general walter smith signed for the supreme command, and the end of one of history's most massive and brilliant campaigns brought a moment of well-earned joy to an american soldier named ike eisenhower. [explosions] in the pacific, in mortal combat against a fanatic foe, the army, marines and navy were driving close to finish the fight, alongside gallant chinese and filipino a

on february 2nd, 1945, an american warship arrived carrying president franklin roosevelt.was saluted by prime minister winston churchill. ♪ the conference of the combined british and american chiefs of staff was held at montgomery house. the military plans were to be unfolded in the weeks to come. at the conclusion of this conference, many of the delegates left for another conference which was to have a much wider significance. the conference for which yalta had been a preparation. their destination was a russian airport near yalta in the crimea. mr. molotov was on hand to greet the soviet union distinguished guests. mr. edward sternous, american secretary of state. mr. anthony eaton. the flags of the three countries flew over the field and under them stood together the united states secretary of state, the soviet foreign minister and england's foreign secretary. mr. harry hopkins arrived. prime minister churchill. the kremlin guards formed the guard of honor. president roosevelt who had also flown from malta was greeted by the russian reception committee. the daughter of

so franklin roosevelt really brings in this idea of the fireside chats. theodore roosevelt uses the bully pulpit. he creates these relationships with journalists and uses public opinion to launch and advocate for very specific policies. franklin roosevelt takes this a step further. he capitalizes on radio and uses that to create an intimate connection with the american public. and i am going to play you a quick clip, just to give you a sense of what this sounded like. again, thinking about if you were a listener. you were tuning into your radio during the 1930s to listen to your president. this would have been what you heard. >> ladies and gentlemen, the president of the united states. >> my friends, i want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the united states about banking. to start with the comparatively few who understand the mechanics of banking, but more particularly with the overwhelming majority of you who use banks for the making of deposits and withdrawing of checks. >> what did he do, just in that very simple opening? >> he definitely pe

so franklin roosevelt brings in this idea of the fireside chats. thoosetheodore roosevelt creates these relationships with journalists and uses opinion to launch and for very specific policies. franklin roosevelt takeses step further. te he capitalizes on radio and uses that to create an intimate connection with the american public. i'm going to play you a quick clip just to give you a a of what this sounded like,in thinking about if youki were a listener. you were tuning into your radio, during the 1930's, to listen to your president. th30s this would have been whau heard. >> ladies and gentlemen, the president of the united states. >> my friends, i want to talkwat for a few minutes with the people of the united states about banking. fothe comparatively few who understand the mechanics of banking, but more particularly with the overwhelming majority of youchan who use banks for the making of deposits and the drawingof of change. >> what did he do, just in that very simple opening? >> he definitely personalizes the chat. he uses i, you, we. the , so

president roosevelt takes the oath of office. >> i, franklin delano roosevelt, solemnly swear that ifaithfully execute the office of the president of the united states and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the united states. >> so help you god. >> so help me god. [cheers and applause] >> the president delivers a brief inaugural address. >> we americans of today, together with our allies, are passing through a period of tests. a test of our courage, of our resolve, of our wisdom, of our essential democracy. if we meet that test, successfully and honorably, we shall perform a service of historic importance, of historic importance which men, women and children will honor throughout all time. as i stand here today, having taken the solemn oath of office, in the presence of my fellow countrymen, in the presence of our god, i know that it is america's purpose that we shall not fail. in the days and the years to come, we shall work for a just and honorable peace, a durable peace, as today we work and fight for total victory in war. [applause] ♪

franklin roosevelt is running for re-election, second term. and hearst, a lifelong democrat, as was franklin roosevelt -- in fact, hearst wanted to be president. he was using his platform, his media holdings in the early 20th century to become a viable candidate for president. he sought the democratic nomination very openly in 1904, lost. didn't stand as the democrat standard bearer that year but nonetheless was emblematic of his ambitions to become president. a lifelong democrat. he breaks with franklin roosevelt in 1936, over roosevelt's new deal policies to restimulate the american economy, to get the country back on its feet after the depression. hearst breaks with roosevelt, supports a republican named alf landon, the governor of kansas, for the presidency, and this was an ugly break, an ugly break. hearst's newspapers, in effect, call roosevelt an agent of moscow because of his policies, because of his new deal. roosevelt's supporters punish hearst. loosely based on the times and life of william randolph hearst. anecdote was sealed by a

franklin roosevelt developed -- you can see how franklin roosevelt developed that. it is leonard silk writing in the new york times where he amously said in this present crisis, government is the problem. government is not the solution. people forget the introductory hrase. leonard silk wrote that reagan seemed to be having a direct dialogue with franklin roosevelt. a few years later, 2009, peter baker in the new york times rote about obama's first inaugural, that he seemed to be in dialogue with president reagan. what we see is an arc of the merican dream that if it comes own to a single thing, it is whether there is more emphasis on individual initiative or whether there is a balance etween individual initiative and a sense that when we fall down, when we cannot do things ourselves, that government ought to be there as a backdrop. we see that in fdr in the new deal and we see that in barack obama. let me give you an example of this if i can of the pragmatic liberalism and pragmatic onservatism about government views. let me give you a quotation -- a couple quotati

next he looks at the february 1945 yalta conference between allied leaders winston churchill, franklin roosevelt and joseph stalin. mr. bishop focuses on churchill's role at the meeting and how yalta impacted the british prime minister personally and he talks about the legacy of yalta and the dawn of the cold war with churchill becoming one of the leading cold warriors of the era. the national world war ii museum hosted this event. >>> our final speaker of the day is mr. michael bishop. michael is a consultant in the office of the chairman of the national endowment of the humanitys. prior to that, he served as director of the national churchill library and center at george washington university in d.c. he also served as the executive director of the international churchill society. some of you, many of you know the museum has had a long-standing relationship with the local branch of the churchill society, the churchill society of new orleans and with him being half american, we feel we can keep covering winston as much as we want. but we certainly enjoyed watching michael and his affiliates do g

in fact, prior historians have said that reagan's role model for the presidency was franklin rooseveltmy research did not find that at all. i went through the search engine at the reagan library, through every public speech, press conference, everything he wrote officially as president, and tabulated how many times did reagan cite a prior president? well, teddy roosevelt, who he liked and admired, he only cited him 25 times over eight years. abraham lincoln, about 100 times. i did not put up fdr because fdr times. cited about 50 the prior president who reagan cited the most was dwight david eisenhower. now, it is december 8, 1983. this is the 30th anniversary today of eisenhower's atoms for peace speech at the u.n. reagan is negotiating nuclear arms reductions with the soviet leader before gorbachev appears on the scene. he leaves the meeting out of the clear blue. reagan is dejected. he needs -- he meets the press and they asked about it being the 30th anniversary. reagan says my administration endorses the view of dwight eisenhower completely. we are dedicated to achieving what dwigh

and you can see how franklin roosevelt developed that. it's leonard silkwritering in "the new york times" listening to reagan's first inaugural where he famously said in this present crisis government is the problem, government is not the solution although people forget that introductory phrase which is pretty crucial in this present crisis. leonard silk wrote he seemed to be having a direct dialogue with franklin roosevelt. 2009, not 1981, peter baker in "the new york times" wrote about obama's first inaugural, that he seemed to be in dialogue with president reagan. and what we see is an arc about ownership of the american dream that if it comes down to a single thing is whether there is more emphasis on individual initiative or whether there is a balance between individual initiative and a sense that when we fall down, when we can't do things ourselves that government ought to be there as a backdrop. and we see that in fdr, in the new deal and we certainly see that in barack obama. now, let me give you a couple -- an example of this if

franklin delano roosevelt, richard nixon, the famous union leader jimmy hoffa, cher. the reasons why people warhead dresses in these particular ways vary. again how people would never think in this context would end up wearing a headdress. and through most of the country's history would seem like something that just made sense. when we talk about these representations surrounding americans throughout their lives, one of the most important ways is through movies and television. we have a section in this exhibition which really shows almost 100 years of these images, from 1935 movies

hearst, a lifelong democrat, as was franklin roosevelt -- in fact, hearst wanted to be president. he was using his media holdings in the early 20th he sought the democratic nomination pretty openly in 1904, but lost three he did not stand as a democratic standardbearer that year, but it was in mimetic of his ambitions to become president. a lifelong democrat. he breaks with franklin roosevelt in 1936 over roosevelt's new deal policies to restimulate the american economy, to get the country back on its feet after the depression. hearst breaks with roosevelt, supports a republican, the governor of of kansas, for the presidency. this was an ugly break. hearst called roosevelt an agent of moscow because of his policies, because of his new deal. roosevelt's supporters punish hearst for his apostasy. one way they did this was to revive furnish the war, to dust off this old anecdote that first appeared in creelman's book in 1901 and used it to damage hearst and his reputation. it appears in a number of books and articles at that time, in the mid-1930's. it appears notably in this trucule

anniversary of the pivotal meeting between british prime minister winston churchill, president franklin roosevelt, and soviet leader joseph stalin. >> welcome back to the metal and paul hilliard conference center here at th

franklin d roosevelt had been inaugurated for an unprecedented third term as president. the uaw had signed its first contract with the car manufacturer. the new york yankees, joe dimaggio had safely and 56 games which is a record that still stands. and of course japan attacked pearl harbor. the course of my research, i came across the name of joseph grew, and his effort to orchestrate an agreement between japan and the united states to avoid the war he saw coming. i was intrigued, and the more i researched the more i realize that grooves story had never been told. until i switched gears to tell that story. in writing this book, i wanted to bring the characters live for the reader. take president roosevelt, he is a central figure in this drama when you see roosevelt standing on the well of the united states house of representatives on december 8, 1941, saying that december 7, 1941 is a date that will live in infamy, he looks so strong, sounds so vibrant, but as we discussed, here is a manhood been stricken by polio and could not walk. i was thinking about it when i was wr

we had double digit unemployment throughout franklin roosevelt's presidency.tried to as you call, laura, in 2009 when barack obama was president. remember, laura, shovel ready projects and $30 billion to spring the economy back to life? and by the way, joe biden with a summer of recovery, it never happened. it was the worst recovery from a recession going back to the great depression given by obama's new numbers. the economy would have been better and healed faster had we not spend that money. so my first advice to donald trump, don't do what we did in 2009 under obama because it didn't work. by the way him if he puts in place policies that actually hurt the economy. some of these policies would, you are talking about president joe biden. he's got to have a growth plan, steve forbes and i have talked about the idea of suspending the payroll tax for the rest of the year to give businesses an incentive to hire more workers because it will be a tax cut for everyone and the 26 million. >> laura: but what if people don't have any money to spend? >> look, we have pr

what we might call an additional view of yalta, and abandonment by a week and incapacitated franklin roosevelt, is inaccurate. the grim reality of life in the soviet sphere of influence ensures that for many, yalta word for betrayal, even if one accepts, as they must, that the options of the allies were limited given soviet strength and sacrifice, it is hard to disagree with the conclusion of sir max hastings, who wrote in his brilliant book, armageddon," "churchill was much less sentimental and more ruthless man and churchill. a more thisssessed -- perceptive and less romantic view of the world than churchill. -- hastings continues, this is justified insofar as roosevelt recognized that the while churchill's heart refused to accept the signals of his brain that it was so. any claim that roosevelt's superior wisdom becomes hard to sustain convincingly in the light of the president's to conceive, as churchill perceived, the depth of evil, which joseph stalin and the soviet union represent. it may be true the western lacked the military power ofprevent the soviet rape eastern europe, but posteri

president franklin roosevelt told a generation facing its own national crisis that "this great nation was under, as it always has in -- endured. it will prosper because there is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously with wisdom, with courage. we will endeavor to finish the job here in congress, everett takes. i yield the floor -- what ever it takes. bipartisan discussions continued all day yesterday and through the night. both sides, negotiators with the administration are continuing to work toward a bipartisan agreement on major legislation to support american workers and families. businesses, help stabilize error economy. as of now, an agreement has yet to be finalized, but our committee chairs and president trump's representatives are making important progress. yesterday i took action on the floor to keep the process moving along with the urgency that it demands. by rule, it set up our first procedural vote for tomorrow. on monday, the senate will vote on a package. days since been two senate republicans introduced the coronavirus aid relief and economic secur

museum symposium marking the 75th anniversary of the yalta talks between winston churchill, franklin roosevelt and josef stalin. >>> welcome back, ladies and gentlemen for our next event. it's more or less the keynote of the day because it is the talk on the yalta conference though all of the programs, all of the sessions will be wonderful. we have serhii plokhii here from harvard. he's the professor of ukrainian history and director of ukrainian research institute at harvard. as i mentioned the morning he's been on our list for a longtime and we have finally found the right time to bring him down here to enlighten us. his many titles include "the last elm pmperor," "the cossack myth" and "forgotten bastard of the eastern front." ladies and gentlemen, dr. serhii plokhii. [ applause ] >>> thank you very much for this introduction. thanks to the organizers of the conference for bringing me here, and i also want to thank all of you because coming from boston and thinking that the weather is like today decided to come inside and listen to presentations like mine, i really appreciate that, that sac

franklin roosevelt.oseph stalin. ♪ music]hal at which allied leaders franklin roosevelt, winston churchill and josef stalin met to look ahead to the post-war era. panelists compared yalta to previous meetings between the three leaders, explored some of the myths surrounding yalta, and examined the personal and political motives that drove the deliberations. the national world war ii museum in new orleans hosted the event. >> welcome back, as we begin to silence our conversations, please silence your phones. with yalta being an eight day conference, we have almost made a full eight hours. [laughter] the last session is often one of our favorites and that is a roundtable discussion where we get all of the speakers up together to talk about themes, to ask each other questions, and to give you all one last time to pepper one, some, or all of our panelists with your own questions. i would ask if you have a question, if it is or specific panelist, please name that panelist, or if you want to throw it open to s

museum symposium marking the 75th anniversary of the yalta talks between winston churchill franklin rooseveltnd joseph stalin. welcome back, ladies and gentlemen. is our next event, it more or less the key note of the day because it is the talk on the yalta conference, although all of the sessions will be wonderful. serhii plokhii here, the director of the ukrainian research institute at harvard. as i mentioned this morning, he s been on our list for a long time and we finally found the time to bring him down here. his titles include "the last "the cossack "the forgotten pastors of the eastern front," -- for peace." ladies and gentlemen, dr. serhii plokhii. [applause] plokhii: thank you for the introduction. thank you to the organizers for bringing me here. i also want to thank all of you , these coming from boston today, being as it is coming inside to listen to presentations like mine, i really appreciate that sacrifice. thank you. the organizers really couldn't find a better time to have a conference like that, given that we are really having our symposium 75 years almost day today to the

the presidency, as franklin roosevelt once said, is not an engineering job. i think the great lesson tonight of the primaries is that america wants a president who reminds them of other presidents. and there was a novelty factor with the incumbent. but the show, which was always going to wear thin, is now wearing thin at a moment where he treats this as reality tv, but this is reality for the rest of us. >> jon meacham, thank you. be well. it's what we're saying to everybody. our coverage continues right after this. your mission: stand up to moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. and take. it. on with rinvoq. rinvoq a once-daily pill can dramatically improve symptoms... rinvoq helps tame pain, stiffness, swelling. and for some... rinvoq can even significantly reduce ra fatigue. that's rinvoq relief. with ra, your overactive immune system attacks your joints. rinvoq regulates it to help stop the attack. rinvoq can lower your ability to fight infections, including tuberculosis. serious infections and blood clots, sometimes fatal, have occurred as have certain

anniversary of the pivotal meeting between british prime minister winston churchill, president franklin roosevelt, and soviet leader josef stalin. >> welcome back to the madeleine paul hilliard conference center here at the higgins hotel. i hope everybody enjoyed their lunch. we spent this morning doing some pretty high level analysis of the political and strategic situation that existed amongst the allied leaders. but as we all know, wars are fought on battle feels, not in board rooms, and these summits, though they dictated much of what would happen on the ground, they wouldn't have mattered much if we didn't have armies in the field. so our next session will look at how yalta affected the execution of the closing months of world war ii. to do this, we asked our very own rob citino, dr. citino is the executive director of the institute for the study of war and democracy as well as the museum samuel and mary stone senior historian at the national world war ii museum and i'll beat him to the punch line and say he's got the longest title on staff. he's an award winning military historian, publishe

it was a pivotal year for the country franklin d roosevelt had been inaugurated for an unprecedented third term as president. they have signed the first contract with the cart manufacturer. and 56 consecutive games which still stands as a record. in japan attacked pearl harbor. in the course of my research i came across the name of justice --dash mike joseph grew. his effort to orchestrate an agreement between japan and the united states toward the war he saw coming. his story have never been told. and so i switched gears to tell that story. in writing this book i wanted to bring the characters alive for the reader. take president roosevelt's. he as a central is a central figure in this drama. when you see roosevelt singing and the wile of the united states house of representatives on december 8, 1941 saying that december 7, 1941 as a date that well live in infamy he looks so strong here is a man who have been chicken by polio and could not walk. i was thinking about it when i was writing the book. uni, we get up in the morning we go to the bathroom do our business we come back get d

it was part of franklin roosevelt's coalition. he was not a racial conservative. but they counted on the south. that disappeared by 1992. there were people and one is a friend of mine also from california, les francis, who he to san jose state and worked in the carter white house and he was at the d.n.c. in 1992 and i remember interviewing him. you'll remember for a long time, bill clinton was running ross that year behind bush.and george h.w. i talked with les, and this is may, late in the game in may, 1992. they were worried at the dnc that clinton would finish a distant third and not qualify for federal matching money. that is a quaint concept because george w. bush blew that out of water but he wouldn't be funded. and les and some other people a paper internally to and said our future is not the south but in the west. i wrote about it at the time. in california that's a local angle and chauvinistic of me, but it turned out there was a lot there. and for democrats now, you put together the map, they can win they t the south and hadn't been able to do that until

it was part of franklin roosevelt coalition. he was not a racial conservative. they counted on the seven south. that disappeared by 1992. there were people and one is a friend from california, lest francis, who worked in the carter white house and went to san jose state. he was at the dnc in 1992. i interviewed him. you will remember for a long time bill clinton was running third that year behind ross perot and george h w bush. i spoke with les and this is may, late in the game in may, 1992. they were bored at the dnc that clinton would finish a distant third and not qualify for federal matching money. that is a quaint concept because george h dubya bush blew that out of the water. but that he would not be funded. and less and others produce a paper internal to the dnc and set our future is not in the south but in the west. i wrote about it at the time. in california that's a local angle and chauvinistic of me, that it turned out there was a lot there. four democrats now, you put together the map and they can win without the south and they had not been able to d

during franklin roosevelt's administration, there actually is an underground tunnel built between the east wing and the treasury building and in fact they go so far as to even furnish a room in the treasury building for franklin roosevelt. here's a picture of that room. this is where we start to see the presidency entering the new age of world wars and the cold war and that presidential security obviously changes but they need to have either structures in place to protect the president in the event of an immediate attack or in case that there is a chance that there could be an aerial bombing or later a nuclear weapon targeting the white house and the united states that the president has a place to go. now, during the truman administration, that's when two sub basements are added beneath the ground floor of the white house so up to truman's time in the white house, there really wasn't central air conditioning, there wasn't central heating. this is a big part of the 1940th renovation, gutting it, changing things. it's made out of concrete and steel and they dig further underground and p

including that aging actor to be the ge spokesman that was a union man a democrat who fired franklin rooseveltnd the new deal so i won't say his name yet. [laughter] but he had potential. [laughter] with a special ge house with all modern appliances like the ge kitchen and those who was ronald reagan and von hayek and those have little essays added. that gave out like the manhattan institute this actor, ronald reagan wasn't popular across ge either talking about western propaganda they complained about him but they could not stop bowl would send him all over around with the mimeographed pages with the future of industry and it might move west and so on and then they talk about the dangers of socialism and socialism the medicine is a bad idea maybe hydropower wasn't the only kind of power of the future of the united states and soon enough reagan the actor began to take the arguments seriously he even bought some ge stock so year in 1960 was a dark cloud over ge with the propaganda mill. the justice department was investigating the communist and the new attorney general robert kennedy pulled tog

remember, the actor was the union men, a democrat that a buyeadmired franklin roosevelt d the new deal. still, i won't say his name yet, but the actor that was hired have potential. [laughter] we have our c-span on the. so what's with their story. for the actor to live in and boulware the actor who was ronald reagan and adam smith, john locke and tocqueville with essays by henry he gave little books like the manhattan institute does andou hoped that they would be read. this actor wasn't exactly popular across ge either.r the executives didn't like the propaganda but for the few tremaining years, they couldn't stop and they were sent around to hundreds of plants to explain the future of the industry and so on and the dangers of nesocialism. maybe hydropower wasn't the only power in the future of the united states and soon enough, the actor began to take the arguments seriously. he even brought his son some stock. they cast a dark cloud over ge. the justice department was investigating the company. the new attorney general whose name was robert kennedy pulled together a strong case to fi

folks, the story amy tells about that person franklin roosevelt as the train went by. president that he knew me. it's everything amy is about. nobody has ever dealt with her doesn't think that she knows them and isn't that everything missing today amy's book is something that i sent to the campaign for president as well and to complete the total lack of empathy and decency in this current president, he cannot stay there. we all know it. there is no sense of decency or honor the way he ridicules people, the way that he demeans people. the fact that he's so self absorbed he doesn't seem to care about anything else in this country. i knew, i believe he wasn't going to be a very good president, but i have to mention with donald trump, i didn't have any idea how much it was always going to be about donald trump. it's having a corrosive impact on our children. we've already seen reports of children in school mimicking the behavior of the president a large piece in the "washington post" talked about the way teachers ar are finding kids are bullying other kids singling out imm

the democratic party has stood for those since franklin roosevelt put together the new deal to advance the interest of working people, women and minorities, good jobs. bernie sanders is talking about those. there is a new spin on them and emphasizing income inequality is the verbiage. a lot of those are health care care, social services. those have remained the things that unite the democratic party across its various demographic constituencies for multiple generations in american politics. continuing to emphasize those things is a sensible thing for any democratic party to do. bernie sanders is the most aggressive and most of you letting on those. proposing the most aggressive changes in public policy. notany ways, his ideas are any different direction than the democratic candidates. joe biden is the platform of expanding health care securing social security. democrats have platforms that point in the direction of a more generous welfare state. the democrats have put their most cohesive elements at the center of all of the campaigns. >> let's stay with one of the platforms. race is am

preface will come the real struggle, who are we, what do we want, and just as ronald reagan and franklin roosevelttimes, someone will emerge. in the meantime, we got warren g harding, and richard nixon. [laughter] x the way it works. gerry: there does seem to be a fair amount of pushback by the establishment for both of these on the republican and democratic side. i don't know what we can type do deep state in washington. are they being a clips now? are we really into a. riordan political competition between two people with a radically different views on how the government should be run for those who have run it for so long. >> america's ruthless in the establishment has not been succeeding. they haven't had that much accountability. there looking at the behavior of the meter of donald trump or they are horrified the extremism of the senators. they don't forget is they didn't succeed. what you're seeing here is a natural process is bloodied and nasty as is, they are dealing with the establishment. there is no establishment. they think there is an establishment, biting for the "new york times" ther

franklin delano roosevelt, fdr, that one of his wheelchairs for the king which became an object of pride for the saudis. they came to an agreement for training for saudi arabia, then surround a fledging cup country surrounded by strong nations intern for oil and political support in the region. all in all it was for better and worse, have injured for over seven decades. i think it's a fair assessment, a fair assessment can be made that fdr understood he needed to engage, and compete in this area, to ensure our access to the region and support our interest. today's topic is the competition in the gulf, my specific job is to talk a bit about the military aspects of this great power competition. and well i think people understand the general notion of competition, if like many other conceptual military organs security concepts or ideas, think about things like the war on terror, by with and through, how we train our partners, regular warfare, the soft tactical approach to competition. it is often times difficult to define and understand. this is replaced the war on terror, as a principle st

anniversary of the pivotal meeting between british prime minister winston churchill, president franklin roosevelthlen. -- josef stalin. >> welcome back to the conference center here at the higgins hotel. i hope everybody enjoyed their lunch. we spent this morning doing some pretty high-level analysis of the scomplill strategic situation that existed amongst the allied leaders. but as we all know, wars are fought on battle fields, not in board rooms, and these summits, though they dictated much of what would happen on the ground , they woul

you talked about the great depression, is there anything we can learn from franklin roosevelt and the problem. this is really like a war, really. they describe as sometimes as an alien invasion. and that isn't what precipitated the great depression so much, and a financial crisis sometimes late that builds up an unsustainable businesses, and something pushesit businesses, and something pushes it over the edge. here the us economy, yeah, there we re the us economy, yeah, there were areas that were too built—up, but this has hit like a ton of bricks. and it has in the whole world. it has in europe, it is still hitting china, china might be getting 60% of its people back at work, and we think they are the success and we think they are the success story right now. it is going into latin america. this is hitting the entire world. frankly, 2008, we call it a global recession, but china didn't do so badly, the emerging markets didn't do so badly, this one is hitting everyone. professor kenneth rogoff, thank you so much for joining us. thank you. the total number of confirmed cases in italy h