public monuments was energized by the sense of history of america as a -- on the world stage, fred ri omstead, who created central park created something called the city beautiful movement, a coordinated planning of spaces and buildings and monuments that was meant to be inspiring, socially inspiring. and columbia, south carolina, was one of the cities that became very involved in this. and there was a burst of monument construction after the world's fair in 1890. and we have several monuments on the ground that directly reflect this. the monument to the partisan revolutionary generals is one. the equestrian monument to wade hampton is another. the monument to the women of the confederacy is a third. all of these were created by a sculptor named frederick wellington rux tell from new york who represented sophisticated european training, the same level of competence and ambition that had been represented in the original construction of the state house itself. it's interesting that one of the more recent monuments created was the monument to the african-american experience, which takes us right