washington and george washington carver, but she lectured about the contribution of frederick douglass, w.e.b. dubois, and how jackie robinson had broken the baseball barrier. and we remembered the opera singer who was not allowed to sing in the hall and had to sing in lincoln center. all the discrimination and the local in justices. like, everything was separate and unequal. the school was inadequate. we could not go to the hospitals. they built a house adjacent to the main hospital. the white people were not supposed to be in the same room with an n-person. you know the n-word? i said to myself at the end of the day that i love my country and i'm glad that that day, i took a stand. i saw through the supreme court that the flaws that america had tried to correct them by removing those horrible signs -- "white" and "colored." i said when i testified at the trial, i went through how we were treated, and the lady dramatize it, so i do not have to go through that, but it is the whole system of separate but unequal. it is understates rights -- is under states' rights. after lincoln had fre

they knew between frederick douglass and his sandals in the south, run away now. the union lines, those blue uniforms. and what we put them in the army. fight this war of attrition. no end of manpower available. marching through the south, but in these men in uniform. that was of very interesting time. so he becomes president, and he has this basically impossible situation. let us have peace. the famous coming together with they decide not to shoot the enemy officer car. they decide it will be benign. we will try to have a benign. you have johnson. a sevener, very racist. a very awful attitude. one of the reasons he was impeached. he was trying to delay. lincoln got the 13th through. the abolition of slavery. but the other two were not clear. well, grant says he is not try to be president. not point to accept the nomination. that allows african-americans. of course everybody said that eisenhower passes the first civil rights bill. well, take 8457. grant was the last republican to send troops to the south. voting rights and civil rights. looking at extending freedo

they knew frederick douglass had is sent along during the south telling people what to do now? run to the union lines, and he got the idea why don't we put them in the army? we magnified the war of attrition. no end of manpower available as we are marching through the south we put on the uniform which listeners may have seen no movie glory and all that meant. it was a very interesting period so he becomes president and she has this basically impossible situation the famous coming together of mathematics for the decide not to shoot and they decide he will have a very benign discussion which we have johnston in between. there was a southerner pro union but a very, very racist and it had very awful attitudes about african-americans and this is why he was impeached for the 40 of them to 50 the amendment. lincoln got to 13. the was the abolition of slavery and that is sound in the constitution but the others are not clear. grant says it's not going to be president, which allows african-americans to get the vote, and course everybody said in 57 when eisenhower passes the first civil

some people say the proclamation freed no one appeared frederick douglass told people, run away now. went to the union lines. run to the blue uniform. we can now could fight this war of attrition. no kind of manpower available as for marching to the south. by putting these men in uniform. all of that night. but that was a very interesting. so he becomes president and he has this basically impossible situation. let us have peace, the famous coming together at the nymex, where they decide not to shoot the enemy off of the car. and they decide not to hang liam davis and they decide to have a benign reconstruction. and of course curt johnson and between. there is a southerner pro union, but very, very sensitive can have very awful attitudes. it's one of the reasons he was impeached because he was trying to delay the passage of the amendment. lincoln got the 13th term. that was the abolition of slavery. but the other two were not clear. he said he's not going to be president. this allows african-americans to register to vote. and of course, everybody said when eisenhower passes and you ta

budgets, of priorities, of the economy and its impact and i am always reminded of something that frederick douglass said when we talk about what we need and what we want. he would often say that you can't have the rain without the thunder and the lightning. meaning that priorities are very important and you have to determine what you are willing to give in order to get what it is that you are trying to get. we have now had almost a decade of spendi money in the homeland security arena, and my colleagues have mentioned cuts and cut backs and i guess my question as i have listened would be, what have we really learned since 9/11 about what spending works and what does not work? what seems to work best? how do we adequately prepare or make the best use of the resources that we are willing to spend, and what areas have we been most successful in and which ones prhaps we have been least successful end, and how do we prepare to the best of our ability for the future? if each of you would just respond to that question, i would thank you very much. >> wile it is a very very broad question. you can look at

frederick douglass telling people run away now to the union lines and the blue uniforms.hy don't we put them in the army? magnify the war of attrition. no end of manpower available as we march into the south putting the uniform with our listeners to glory. and all that meant. that was a very interesting period. he becomes president and has this impossible situation. let us have peace. famous coming together where they decide not to issue the enemy officers and not to hang them and we will have a very benign reconstruction. johnson in between was a southerner, pro union but very racist and very awful attitudes which is why -- passed into the fifteenth amendment and what have you. lincoln got the thirteenth, abolition of slavery. the other two are not clear. grant is not going to be president, the won't accept the nomination. which allows african-americans the right to vote. everybody said when eisenhower past the first civil-rights bill in 80 years. you have the grant administration. he was the last president until eisenhower to send troops to the south for voting rights a

in 1888 the great african-american leader tred rick douglas -- frederick douglass gave a speech stating that the emancipation proclamation was a fraud. now, maybe this was an overstatement 25 years after the emancipation problem proclamatit as he looked around and saw the status of african-americans lahrly in the south -- particularly in the south picking the same cotton they had picked under slavery and living similar lives as they had lived under slavery, he wondered what was gained by the emancipation proclamation and what was gained by that bloody war. we are commemorating the 150th anniversary of the civil war this year and for the next four years. it's important that we honor those who gave their lives for their respective causes. but it would have been a greater tribute to our nation had they lived. >> for more information on booktv's 2011 cities tour, visit c-span.org shall be local content. >> and now on booktv richard brookhiser recounts the life of the fourth american president, james madison. mr. brookhiser examines madison's influence in the framing of the u.s. constitution

frederick douglass traveled the country at a time it is at the time. with a free black man, but he traveled at great personal risk throughout the countryside and prove that he was the living, breathing example that intellect and leadership could come from a recently freed slaves. >> we are back with another guest of like to introduce. he is a history professor at the university of louisville. welcome to our discussion of henry clay. before we get into the area where you spent a lot of your scholarship, which is slavery in that time, talk to meet in a general sense about your impressions of henry clay. what are your views of this man? >> i take the view of him as a rock star. he is a lightning rod. he seems to be able to get people fired up, either for or against him. he has the ability to inspire, and even on the abolitionist issues, he takes more heat than senators who were actually more -- john c. calhoun, for instance. henry clay is more talk about, written about, focused upon that some of the more prominent political figures. >> we spent time talki

in 1888, the great african-american leader, frederick douglass, gave a speech stating the emancipation proclamation was a fraud. now, maybe this was an overstatement 25 years after the emancipation proclamation, but as he looked around and saw the status of african-americans, particularly in the south, picking the same cotton they had picked under slavery and living similar lives as they had lived under slavery, he wond w

budgets, of priorities, of the economy and its impact and i am always reminded of something that frederick douglass said when we talk about what we need and what we want. he would often say that you can't have the rain without the thunder and the lightning. meaning that priorities are very important and you have to determine what you are willing to give in order to get what it is that you are trying to get. we have now had almost a decade of spending money in the homeland security arena, and my colleagues have mentioned cuts and cut backs and i guess my question as i have listened would be, what have we really learned since 9/11 about what spending works and what does not work? what seems to work best? how do we adequately prepare or make the best use of the resources that we are willing to spend, and what areas have we been most successful in and which ones perhaps we have been least successful end, and how do we prepare to the best of our ability for the future? if each of you would just respond to that question, i would thank you very much. >> while it is a very very broad question. you can look

frederick douglass said power conceives nothing without demand. if the panel could give two specific steps that local branches could take to demand that our rights are protected. >> we got to testify. testimony is so very important. >> it really is. >> especially with redistricting. and there are all kinds of resources and materials out there to help aid your respective efforts in giving compelling and important testimony that talks about how photo id laws burden african-american voters. how cracking and tacking can disadvantage minority voters in the redistricting process. so testimony is key. and, frankly, the lawyers have a tough time bringing cases without a sufficient legislative record having been developed that shows how these laws how they hurt minority voters. so testimony is key. >> mediclanimelanie? >> we know at the naacp, they are going to call you up. and so really being able to document what she's talking about and we also, though -- what we need to do because lawyers will do all they can do but we also know the primaries are coming

budgets, of priorities, of the economy and its impact and i am always reminded of something that frederick douglass said when we talk about what we need and what we want. he would often say that you can't have the rain without the thunder and the lightning. meaning that priorities are very important and you have to determine what you are willing to give in order to get what it is that you are trying to get. we have now had almost a decade of spending money in the homeland security arena, and my colleagues have mentioned cuts and cut backs and i guess my question as i have listened would be, what have we really learned since 9/11 about what spending works and what does not work? what seems to work best? how do we adequately prepare or make the best use of the resources that we are willing to spend, and what areas have we been most successful in and which ones perhaps we have been least successful end, and how do we prepare to the best of our ability for the future? if each of you would just respond to that question, i would thank you very much. >> while it is a very very broad question. you can look

frederick douglass, the great black abolitionist said, no, this notion of colonization is based on theea that black people are not genuinely american. what needs to be done is to condemn racism and slavery as well, but lincoln supported those two issues. he said combined against slavery. i'm an agnostic. i neither condemn nor adopted. he did not think debt race was the second political issue as slavery, but during the civil war he will change on this and other issues. much of my book is trying to track down with guns evolution during the civil war. of course it is the evolution of the nation itself, not just one man command of the entire northern population really, by the end of the war. i'm not going to try year to give you all of the steps from the beginning of the war to the emancipation of slaves. in the early days of the civil war lincoln actually comes back with this plan, if you want to call it that, he had that before the civil war. that is to say gradual emancipation with compensation, monetary compensation and the colonization of the freed slaves outside the country. early in

in your book you say that frederick douglass and booker t.washington pleaded with the people not to leave the south, beg them not to leave. the ministers begged him not to leave and a lot of people left the church in order to leave. 6 million he said, between the beginning of the renaissance in 1976, here's the question. if the 6 million had stayed in the south, would we have had the civil rights movement sooner? and if not, why not? >> guest: that is a great question and that is what i alluded to in the talk, and that is that it took the pressure of those individuals leaving the south in those large numbers. remember, the black population was much lower in 1910 and 1920 than it is now. at that time they were not even 10 million african-americans in the united states, and most of them were in the south. to have 6 million people, 6 million of your workers, you know, cheap labor that you depend upon leaving in such large numbers in that way would have to of had an impact on the south. and more importantly had an impact on the north to it force