until 1862, when slavery was abolished in district of columbia slaves worked alongside paid black freemen and european servants at the white house. for most of the 19th century, the structure of the white house staff remained generally the, the same. at the top was a steward, federal employee who was bonded. the congress created this position to safe guard the silver and furnishings in the white house. the steward was on the government pay ll lroll. it required patience, strayed tiff -- administrative ability and great sense of discretion. beneath him, maids, footmen, cooks, laborers, and about 1/3 of the servants lived there in the basements. some in a dormitory-style, some in private rooms. the steward, a number of times, as an african-american dealt with each employee and there was no specific hierarchy. most of the servants were southern blacks who had entered the president's service after a similar experience in a hotel or private residents or through a family connection, a brother, sister, parent, aunt, who was already working there. the tone of the house was distinctly southern. pa