this was in the early years of trying to do gene sequencing and gene chroning. so this was a very daring effort. in 1983 they were able to localize the gene for huntington's disease to chromosome 4 to the very tip of the chromosome. an international consortium of gene hunters formed and in 1993 they isolated and sequenced the gene. that was an enormous advance because with the gene they could pop it into mice and into flies, and into worms and study mechanisms of pathogenesis. how the gene does its harm. and they learned an enormous amount about this. more over as they began to look at these disorders, they realized that in addition to the clinical similarity they both affect motor systems and they both share certain anatomical features in common. there also is an interesting similarity in the way the proteins that are involved in the disease become abnormallal. they realize this is a protein folding disorder. and that it belonged to a larger family of protein folding disorders which were pioneered by stand passner. he described jack object cry field disease as a