i the opportunity to meet rafael several years ago, george kelling was in his last year of life. he had had a long bout with cancer. george was a friend. colleague mentor, coauthor. it's just an extraordinary individual who had influence on these issues. his seminal work with jim wilson broken windows. i was the practitioner of broken windows and i put their theories into practice with great success because they understood that you could not focus just on serious crime. you also had to focus on the disorder. the broken windows that people saw every day. the disorder that we are not attending to with any at the moment. rafael and his book basically looks at all of these issues and the importance of them. but i first met him when i went to george in hanover, new hampshire, where he's living with his wife, catherine cole, and went up there four times during that last year and on the first visit, there was a young man working with george and they were collaborating on something that was of great interest to george in his last year on this earth. george was very disappointed that much

in 1982, to scholars named george kelling and james q, wilson had the very creative idea of broken policing, right? which basically, if you want to stop crime, really need to arrest people for order violations. right. but the fact is, throughout the 20th century, that's abso lutely been what the police have been doing. the police have been spending most of their time most of their arresting time, most arresting energy, arresting people for order violations. right. and i'm going to talk a little bit that and show you some numbers here. so when people are arrested, if you were arrested in the 19th century, it was it's extreme likely that your arrest was for an order violation. okay. so here is, 1896, pittsburgh, who gets for what? 1% of people who get arrested in pittsburgh in 1896 are arrested for violent crimes. just like 2% are arrested for order crimes. okay. you have percent who are arrested for and there's other which don't even know what that is you have 10% who are arrested for moral crimes. and this that would be what would that be moral crimes at this time, be not even rape pretty n