soviet magazine krokodil in 1947, us secretary of state george marshall gives america hope.e all her problems at the expense. europe's marshall tells americans the truth is that for the next three or four years europe needs foreign food and other essential products. mostly from america is so much higher than its current payment the ability that it needs to provide significant additional assistance to european countries that will be recipients of the marshall plan, they must, to some extent, lose some of their political and economic sovereignty. eh, the north atlantic alliance subsequently arose simultaneously with the plan to implement the marshall plan, and in general , some new community should arise as a result of this. e. today we most often call it the collective west. and then more often it was called euro-atlantic. and now america should be no longer so much a sovereign country separate from europe. and to be such a center of this collective west, general marshal in washington, far from all the positions of those who, as they said today, that america was strong for th

selfless assistance to countries in need exactly 76 years ago, the then us secretary of state george marshall about the famous program for the post-war reconstruction of europe known as the marshall plan america allocated to the impoverished old world, 13 billion dollars on such terms that western europe has essentially lost its political and economic independence of only two countries. it was the ussr and finland that then abandoned american altruism, the lessons of history from alexei prokin. the americans, unlike the europeans bled bloodless by fascism, did not have to heal their wounds for a long time, many officers of world war ii just needed to shake off the dust from their uniforms, but hundreds of thousands of soldiers were unemployed and in the united states after the war they were afraid of new great economic americans were most concerned about the upheaval of opportunity. the fact that after the war depression will return again , that their unemployment will jump, that they will have economic problems after the war, post-war, therefore, for them, of course, the task is to spread am

general george marshall does, a famous visit to china and he you know, he's the architect of victory in world war two. and he says, i can't fix this. i don't like any of my choices here he comes back and he advises, president truman, to just try not to be so involved, support the anti-communists, if you can. but i don't even know if that's going to work. it's very muddled for a while. and the end result is in, as you said, 1949, when the communists successfully take over that large landmass and impose communism on the chinese people, what was the effect of communal in china? oh, my goodness. well, the victims of communism museum we call mao zedong the mass murderer in terms of raw numbers. and so he until his death in 1976 doesn't care about individual lives, doesn't even care about lives in the aggregate. and the numbers for him for victims by communism. this there's not agreement because of the way records were kept and also archives that have been and closed and open again but the best range on this by good scholars is anywhere from the upper 40 million mark like 49, 48 plus milli

that that marshall wrote about george washington where bush rod was his editor and so, you know the opinions of the marshall court really should be seen as the i'm a team and the and a collective effort, you know law is a collective enterprise. no one person can sort of make the law in a democracy anyway, and so i think bushrod is an important figure because of his relationship with marshall and that's what i hope people take away from the book. wonderful. thank you very much for that walter. what takeaway should we have on chief justice j that there are some questions about him including what changed scotus from an itinerate job under jay and to a true supreme court under marshall. jonathan parts asked so that jay's sending a memorandum refusing to give advisory opinions before he went to england to negotiate. these are your final thoughts all but you leave us with whatever you think is most relevant. oh on the itinerary chord, i mean in a sense the court is still itinerant through you know for a long long time. i mean j

george h. w. bush was looking for a replacement for thurgood marshall, the first black person to serve on the supreme, there were not a lot of black conservatives, but clarence thomas was there, and he was identified because he was a black conservative. that's affirmative action. if he doesn't understand how he's there because of this policy, and he is all of these questions about the stigmatizing effects of it, you are still in supreme court. you're still making policy for everyone. you're basically allowing your own personal issues around your life story and your biography to basically shape policy for all of the rest of. us and again, i am so glad the women of color on this court we're here to call him. out >> everybody who hasn't ran ketanji brown jackson's opinion to go reason. it is a master class. it should be a pamphlet. melissa murray and dahlia lithgow, thank you so much for being here. i appreciate your thoughts and insight. this is a big day in american courts. we have a lot more to get to tonight, including the shockwaves could result from today's ruling. right-wing groups are already pr

george h.w. bush, in part because of that, because president bush wanted to replace justice marshall with another african americans. so justice thomas is definitely where he has a long line that shows that affirmative action played a role in his ascension. right. but he's been unhappy about that because he feels as if he said as much that has made people think he wouldn't have gotten as far for, but for affirmative action. and so he peculiarly has had this chip on his shoulder about it. so for him, this is a very big happy day. but for the rest of us, we have to kind of pick up the pieces and see what can be done and as gussie and i were talking about earlier this morning, the university of california university of michigan, university of texas, are all places that have been dealing with this for quite some time. and other universities that are highly selective like we are. we'll do well to look at what we have done in adjusting to the world that we've had, because under state law, we could not take race into consideration. so those models are going to be the ones going forward right after you an

george h. w. bush. just two years later, bush nominated him to the supreme court, to replace that retiring justice thurgood marshallint, the only black person to ever sit on the nation's highest courts. >> the president is the best qualified person for the job, and denied that he selected thomas to replace the retiring thurgood marshall because he's black. >> the fact that he is a minority, so much better. that's not a factor, and i would strongly resent any charge that might be forthcoming on quotas when it relates to appointing the best men in the court. >> again, same thing here thomas was both qualified for the position on the court as was probably several dozen folks, maybe more. he was also nominated due to the obvious political motivations in replacing the first black justice, thurgood marshall. during his confirmation hearings, thomas was asked about his own vocal opposition to affirmative action. >> the question is directly in entry to yale, were you part of affirmative action quota? were you part of a racial quota in terms of entering that law school? >> senator, i i'm not doing my adult life, been part o

marshall. ok. what is your, make it last year and i knew back date digs, se something to jones or any not like illness. some of the noise to 10 can a touch george will jones costs as in the best a point in june or me. and so they pulled it up and somebody did that up at a sun camp while we could pick it up. i take spite example. i agree with avoiding new somebody to face with inside square. say, natalie breath did you see fit? was she the tall for the police? she came up to a sausage with with the air force me is that treatment does that to him, but the least i told him is you don't want to be that don't have to do. also from domina to name is in well, and on this page, or she's on time to the museum. i strongly don't always, i don't know for the a new image anymore. there's just a new pass. you fig. give a dealer on you, show the money up. as a matter of fact, you remember the vision you now shifted as members as well as kind of the disease to shift the key. reynolds point is also a system. no, no said shop that even you could come see or leave me here tomorrow or do either way. okay, so pacific is chevy. mid publish. wanted to send you said s