george washington, the political rise of america's founding father by david o. stewart is a fascinating account of how washington became the single most dominant force in the creation of the united states of america. david o. stewart is a best selling writer of history and historical fiction snoring constitutional convention, the gifts of james madison, aaron burr's treason trial and the impeachment trial of president andrew johnson. won the washington writing award for best book, the history prize of the society of the cincinnati, and the prescott award of the national society of colonial dames of america. george washington's final battling, the epic struggle to build a capital city and a nation by robert watson delves into washington's involvement in the establishment of a capitol city and described how the process nearly tore our young and vulnerable country apart. watson is a professor, historian and author with over 40 published books and hundreds of scholarly articles. he has served as a visiting scholar at many historic sites including presidential librari

will throw to javi here and excited about our conversation on the first inauguration george washington in the republic of stephen browne. one note coming up on may will be our third and final we have had two wonderful conversations with cheney, thomas ricks and thus far separate tickets are available for the final conversation remember that if you select the ticket that i am thinking of will prove an autographed copy of the book, richard bernstein of harvey bernstein and noted author has a new book called the education of john adams am excited to talk to him about it please join us for the third and final segment of the 2021 michelle smith flex series. to introduce about our speaker tonight, we will learn more as we join the conversation stephen browne and arts professor of can make communication at penn state a rhetorical critic and public memory early america and the most recent book before the book will be talking about tonight was the eyes of war george washington and the new crisis he's written many books but what were mostly excited about as we near the anniversary of the first i

say he did seriously what we do and how the legend's vehicles talk about his relationship with george washington. you mention his relationship moments ago and his jen pointed in the background there the living room there is a set of washington by john marshall, what was our relationship like? >> i would say marshall was washington's chief accolade. they met at valley forge. they could've met before because his father knew him. i cannot say for that. but certainly they met at valley forge. it was in the low tens of thousands and maybe not even that. so, if this guy was a junior officer probably made the contact because they were not doing anything at valley forge. they might have planned battles but they were not actually having them. so the probably met there they probably suppressed in some way. he was a soldier through new jersey and then he quit. but later on washington sought him to be in the cabin that he offered a couple cabinet posts or attorney general's post. not a silly cabinet but high judicial posts. and then there was a time marshall came with washington to mount vernon to see washi

i think george washington. sorry george mason means some of the same things because in many letters he talks about making sure there's money for his adult children children and for their children's needs. but this could be a double-edged sword we could agree, right? and it's kind of an uncomfortable counterpoint to what we've been saying about how much? americans at least before the last 30 years valued independence in their children. he values it but he's got to think about his children all the time. john adams and thomas jefferson say maybe the greatest joy in old age his grandchildren. that should sound familiar too, right? and you get this beautiful sentiment? and and they're sharing with each other. 1817 late in life you and i have had children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren and although sometimes it's trying to have children. john adams had a son who died of alcoholism. he had a daughter who died of breast cancer. he had another son who became president. so very mixed bag. thomas jefferson had a

this is benjamin franklin time but george washington at age 22. he understands her military point of view unless the colonies hang together enough independent states in 1776 they are done for. he is a continental list. who is at hishe right hand throughout the american revolution? pretty early on, alexander hamilton. to borrow a phrase alexander hamilton american. alexander hamilton is not just about massachusetts delayed sean evans might be or virginia the way jefferson or madison barrett alexander hamilton does not have a single loyalty to it to any one state of the ends of coming to new york. he comes fromm abroad he loves america as a whole. he tries to summon into existence and the key idea is union, join or die. national security and if we don't create an indivisible union which is what washington is advocating and the early 1780s. and so hamilton calls the continental is, they will become the first eight federalist papers which are far more influential than anything madison wrote. theyat make a geostrategic argument for unions. he hold toge

the great nationalist, sharing the continental us flag of george washington, under whom he fought at valley forge and if the viewer at valley forge with washington and hamilton, you understand that we need to support the troops if we do not we are dead and adams wasn't there, they don't feel it in their bones. it is immense respect for washington and there is immense respect for hamilton with his brilliant lawyer and marshall uses him and his legal ideas about the bank and many other things. one other thing that he does as he is a national speaker and a good listener and i talked about relationships between the founders, so jefferson and madison team up. and adams makes enemies, he is a loner, he teams up only with abigail, but then, you know, he is in a feud with hamilton, even though hamilton was trying to help him in various ways, and he starts off friendly, but then they become, you know, rivals and so it's important. jefferson and madison team up, hamilton and washington team up and marshall finds a team. and the team works particularly well when they combine more than south and

george washington didn't go to college either.was a different kind of growing up and we want to save the founders did this or that. well, they were, they liked to play one thing marshall was, he was sort of like the gym teacher, he was the fastest runner, there's a diary entry of somebody who said jump over a pool that was extended onto people's head. that's what he did.he they didn't have the olympics then and i he probably did it, it was sort of a rough time as we all know but it was that kind of thing so they went from that whether you were marshall or somebody else and being in the military will quit the military and you start going out with the daughter of a prominent person and then you go to philadelphia because you need to, that's another great one. i know, i love learning about the myths, the courage of this time, marshall wanted to get inoculated from smallpox so apparently richmond where you had to get everybody like anybody else, you had to get everybody's approval that you would be inoculated. they didn't want to catc

the founding fathers had intended the united states botanic garden after being endorsed by george, washington. we've got a much-needed shot in the arm from another founding father in james madison. and james madison was a prominent member of an institution early on in the history of washington dc called the colombian institute, and it was a gentlemanly scholarly society that was dedicated to among other things the dissemination of natural history information in many ways. it was akin to the american philosophical society of philadelphia or the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia, which we're all so institutions in philadelphia, which was at that time the center of the american scientific enterprise james madison really wanted to see a botanic garden on federal property and he was instrumental in the late 18 teens in having congress charter the existence of the first us botanic garden. it was actually built in bricks and mortar as a small institution on the block where we currently stand in 1820. however, it was not at that time funded by taxpayer money, and so it existed for a little

from george washington to george w bush every sunday at 8pm at midnight eastern we feature the presidency our weekly series exploring the presidents their politics policies and legacies. you're watching american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span 3. the c-span cities tour travels the country exploring the american story since 2011. we've been to more than 200 communities across the nation like many americans our staff is staying close to home due to the coronavirus. next a look at one of our city's tour visits. you are the black hills of south dakota are very sacred area as a whole in the black hills. i believe that at one time or another there is a piece of the rest of the world here somewhere. we're in the epicenter of sometimes testy relations between native and non-native inhabitants. stretching about 110 miles long and 70 miles wide the black hills of south dakota rise up from the planes just to the west of rapid city. black hills are very important to the native american community members that is referred to asapa the heart. the black hills. it's just because of the rich

it was built to be george washington's burial.owever, it was not completed until 25 years after his death. he was buried at mount. his family wanted to keep his body at his home. in the very center of the crypt, there is a compass star which is the geographical center of washington dc. did you know that george washington chose the location of the capital? they chose it because it was up on the hill. because it was the center of the city. because they believed the legislative branch, in article one of the constitution, was the most important branch. they want in capitol building to dominate this incredible new city they were planning. and so, in the very center of the capitol, is the very center of the city. thank you so much for your question. i am so happy to share the story. i hope you will get to come in person. because, this building belongs to you. >> just a short walk from the capitol is the highest court in our country, the supreme court. >> in a typical courtroom, there is just one judge. on the supreme court are nine judg

has asked a question about so jefferson and franklin, both of course have relationships with george washington. jefferson was at least near the end fraught to say the least, but what about franklin's relationship with washington, you know to the what would you say about that? um i don't think franklin and washington had a particularly close relationship. they certainly appreciated one another and had great respect for each other. but they just didn't have much opportunity to to interact. i mean franklin was a way for the for most of the war and then you know watching retired when franklin returned. and then they do deserve together at the the constitutional convention and there was no doubt that in franklin's mind that washington was the only person who would be able to become the president and i mean the whole idea the whole concept of the presidency is really build around george, washington. and when people in france criticize the constitution for having a chief executive who could essentially be in office in perpetuity. frank says, well, you know, it's gonna be george washington so it's gon

he belonged in that upper class with people like george washington thomas jefferson james madison and house tells us that in the details as we look at it. the driveway that you would have come up as well during george mason's lifetime was lined and cherry trees and would have really created this house as a focal point and a centerpiece of the property here at gunston hall. he didn't ever add on to the house. so the house that you see now is what mason built in 1759. it's kind of interesting because most other founding fathers did actually add third floors and wings like mount vernon or monticello, which jefferson built out to be this grand home. george mason saw people like jefferson many of the other founding generation going into deep deep debt doing things like this today. we would think of it as keeping up with the joneses or keeping up with the kardashians. mason didn't want to be in that position himself. so this the house that we see today is what mason ended up with in his lif. so we're gonna have a chance to explore all of the spaces in the house. look at who george mason was

however, he was one of 12 george, washington's. in the 23rd. and that's because a lot of the slaves didn't have official names or only had one name. or since they were from that area. if any of this slave owners found out that they were serving in the union army their relatives still in captivity could suffer harsh punishment. so they changed their names to george, washington's. and one day after we started the 23rd. i just happened to look and the roster written down and there were so many george washington's as it took pages in the roster. also on that day, we had a big program and the fredericksburg is spotsylvania national military park sponsored a lot of it. we did have a big program on the chancellorsville battlefield the fairview section and voice of america was there they interviewed many of the participants and they actually did a short video and put it on their website. but we had the sons of union veterans general us grant the same general grant that we had. appomattox, larry clowers portrayed him and we had multiple union regiments

however he was one of 12 george washington's in the 23rd. that's because a lot of the slaves didn't have official names, or only had one name, or since they were from that area, if any of the slave holders found out they were serving in the union army, their relatives still in captivity could suffer harsh punishment. >> one d so they changed their e to george washington, and one day after we started, i happened to look in the roster lit and down, and there were so many george washington's that it took pages in the roster. also, there was a big program. we did have a big program on the chancellorsville battlefield, the fair view section, and voice of america was there. they interviewed many of the short video and put it on their website. and we had multiple union regiments there. john hennessy was the chief historian of fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park, and he was the keynote speaker at that part of the ceremony. and then we had another ceremony right at the site of the skirmish. the old farm is now the have fling farm.

wrong after 1778 as the war stalemated the american economy, collapsed the american morale and george washington wrote a letter to the chief executive of pennsylvania which he said i have almost ceased hope and at the same home washington was writing that letter, arthur lee who had been an american diplomat since the beginning of the war overseas in europe returned to america for the first time since the war began and he landed in boston of all places and he's there for a few days and talks with a number of officials and he wrote to tht most of those had concluded the war would end in a negotiated settlement short of independence so things are really up in the air. america did come out of the war victorious as they would celebrate in about five more years for the 250th anniversary of 1776. but i also argued that america could not have won the war without french assistance. they were providing clandestine assistance starting in 1775 that provided emissions and weaponry and whatever for the americans and then they allied. then they loaned a great deal of money which wound up costing the french kin

so, they changed their names to george washingtons. and one day, after we started the 23rd, i just happened to look and the roster, written down, and there were so many george washingtons, it took pages in the roster. also on that day, we had a big program and the fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park sponsored a lot of it. we did have a big program on the chancellorsville battlefield, the fairview section and voice of america was there. they interviewed many of the participants and they actually did a short video and put it on their website. but we had the sons of union veterans, general us grant, the same one we had at ap mat ticks. and we had multiple union regiments there. john hennessey was the chief historians of fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park and he was the keynote speaker at that part of the ceremony. then we had another ceremony right at the site of the skirmish. the old alridge farm is now the heflin farm. the heflin family allowed us to set up a tent and have people there. we had a pr

so we had a significant argument in the ambulance about taking him to george washington, which i knew was the primary hospital at the time becausese i always k the secret service on our advanced teams what's the hospital. i've never forgot to do that since that day. and i saw the limo at the hospital when we pulled up with brady and i had called on the radio back to the white house to notify the press secretary's office, thehe president's offic and the advance office what had happened and that jim brady had a significant wound. we had no idea the president was in treatment. i thought when we arrived perhaps he had come to check on brady. then we saw when we walked in -- i saw that dave fisher and mike dean the it deputy chief of staff were both on telephone lines and the president was in a treatment room. >> ray? i'm giving you a dispensation, you get t two and a half minute. go ahead, ray. >> i was going to ask for a little bit more time or just get the cane out if you need to. but i wanted to cover just a couple of theseil things. when i came out of the hilton hotel and i'm trying t

you roger we want to go to emergency room of george washington. that's the rider. for the george, washington fast right you you because he can't say on the radio reagan tour. they don't use reagan's name. they don't want they know people in assassins and news media can be listening to the open radio communications, hence. they used the phone names. and so they abandoned crown the white house, but go. to the hospital now about this time marion gordon who's in kind of an unsung hero this day. she's a one of the few female agents in the secret service. she's she was she devised the motorcade that day and routes and she even drove the routes to the hilton into the hospital to the white house and she want to make sure all the rats were clear there wasn't blockages. it's you know, they want to make sure they new everyone everyone was going during ruid driven motorcade to the hilton not too long before that. so he knew all the routes and he didn't have to practice them. but he already knew them and so they're heading down and marion gordon realizes she doesn't have a radi

so back to my favorite presidents third george washington and ronald reagan. think they are fascinating individuals. they both had many different interest in pursued navy careers and politics and things like that. after i discovered books written about washington, it seemed to be petered out. but the way to get washington was to book about his mother because no one had ever done a book about maribel washington before. i live on the middle peninsula of virginia. the vault family, her descendents are thick as thievesev down there. there's a lot of paperwork, a lot of history, a lot of history there. including, she died -- mary herself died in her 80s. she died of breast cancer. just a couple years ago a ball descendent woman who owned an antique store in the northern neck of the woodsds she too died of breast cancer. fold the genealogical trail of this 250 years inflict this woman as well. she had an anonymous influence on her son her entire life. ands i wanted to record, write this book about him but how he was influenced by her. she was a single mother raising

washington, you know george washington was a founder of you know, one of our founding fathers. and once we all understand history our our nation was founded by by flawed men. we have that flawed. caucasian men who were landowners, but that shouldn't take away from what america has become and the ideal america that we aspire to to be so i i would not remove george washington's name. robert e. lee was a traitor robert e. lee rebelled against our nation robert e. lee fought against the united states army an army that he had taken an oath to to serve or the constitution to serve. so there is a stark difference between the two on that and you know, i've always believed that that even with our nation's flaws. america is worth serving. that's why i serve for 34 years time for 36 years. and america to so much of the world. is this beacon of hope? and we're not perfect in any way, but we have an ideal that we were aspiring to be and that is a better america. i'll say every day every week. so i hope that we can bridge. that the gaps we have right now this racial divide in our country tha

from george washington to george w bush every sunday at 8pm at midnight eastern we feature the presidency our weekly series exploring the presidents their politics policies and legacies. you're watching american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span 3. american history tv is on social media follow us at c-spanhistory. here this is american history tv on c-span 3 where each weekend we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nation's past. for five weeks may 30th through june 27th will feature a first lady symposium co-hosted by the whgunston hall a national histoc landmark in virginia was home to one of the lesser-known known founding fathers george mason. up next on american artifacts. we visit the property along the potomac river to learn about his political life and his time as a slave owner on the 5,000 acre plantation. he drafted the 1776, virginia declaration of rights was a delegate to the federal convention in philadelphia, but refused to sign the constitution because it did not include a bill of rights.

from george washington to george w bush every sunday at 8pm at midnight eastern we feature the presidency our weekly series exploring the presidents their politics policies and legacies. you're watching american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span 3. american history tv is on social media follow us at c-spanhistory. here this is american history tv on c-span 3 where each weekend we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nation's past. for five weeks may 30th through june 27th will feature a first lady symposium co-hosted by the wh

he's a professor political science at george washington university, joins us from washington, dc. many thanks for speaking to us on out there. you won't change cost your balance . was this year's election slogan by the government out of 30 percent 10 doesn't look like many people believe that the election will bring change. well, yes, that's true. and the basic crept, the matter, revolves around 2 different standpoints with regard to the, the selection there. those who believe that participation in election will lead to change. and there are those led by the rock moves. and which is a leader list differentially, which argues there should be structural political reform and change in terms of promoting transparency and accountability both for elections happen. so the problem is, of course, is if you have a low voter turnout now estimated to be around 30.2 percent. this, what it does is affect the distribution of seeds in the legislative assembly. elections, which are about $400.00. there are $407.00 seats that are being contested. so that independent candidate and the islam as parti

you can't talk about the founding without talking about the founder and that of course means george, washington. so in my book i start with the influence of washington on lincoln washington's character his piety and his indispensable role as a conceiver establisher and defender of american self-government. but for lincoln more important than a founding man was a founding document and that was the declaration of independence. on the way to his first inauguration as president lincoln said i have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodyed in the declaration of independence. so in chapter 2 of my book, i explore how lincoln was shaped by key principles of the declaration and its chief draftsman thomas jefferson. if the declaration spells out the purpose or aim of the american regime chapter 3 of my book focuses on the means of american self-government, and these are found in the united states constitution. i examine why lincoln preached a reverence for the constitution and laws as well as the more perfect union of american states that the constitution establish

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story of darling madison rescuing the portrait of george washington, so he begged his mother to have a birthday cake that looked like the burning of the white house in the war of 1812 and dolly madison's rescue of the portrait. so here's the cake decorated to look like a burning white house in dolly. madison is a cookie running away from the white house with the portrait. of george washington, so i just love a kid getting into history and getting into the history of first ladies so much so that he wants to create a birthday party theme around this incident but this artistic representation much more shows a realistic interpretation of of that scene a much more chaotic scene. and darling madison is fleeing the white house not alone with the portrait of washington under her arm, but with the assistance of several other people including enslaved laborers who worked at the white house and in fact that portrait of washington was so large. she could not have taken it down herself and carried it away. it had to be unbolted from the wall and then carry to waiting. cart to take it away from th

and of course then went to george washington hospital. so i always say, as i got the george washington hospital and it. was ten mccarthy, it was jim brady, and it was president reagan who got the best doctors. we all got the best actors. and i was out of hospital about dozen days and it was all for a couple of months so i thought it was the sergeant of the chicago police department, i lived on the south side where every other person was a policeman or financial internees on the job are not new to me. it was not rivaled and my father had been injured several times. but again, you never think it's going to happen to you. but the training paid off, to a large extent on that day and i hope i don't have to do it again and i've worked as chief of police for several mayors and i told several of them, don't count on me to do that for you. >> just a little quick one. do you remember when i came in to the hospital, probably third or fourth day and i said candy, but do you feel like? to get shot in the chest? that's when i asked them. remember what

of that vehicle coming across the george washington bridge, lower level. >> that's huge. >> it was aof evidence to corroborate scott sherwood. >> what's more, there was a photo snapped of the license plate. it was evidence that almost didn't exist. prosecutors said paul had planned to pay cash that night. but construction at the toll booth forced him to drive through the ez pass lane. >> he made some mistakes. he could have anticipated that the bridge was under construction and there were no toll attendance. >> and then prosecutors presented what they thought would remove any smudge of doubts from their case. a third person who linked paul to the murder. elise hanlon, scott sherwood's wife. >> on the stand, she recalled a conversation with paul where he told her that he committed the murder. and that he did it alone. >> scott had nothing to do with. it no scott is not gotten into trouble. scott had nothing to do with it. >> he told her, i went up with him, i did everything. >> three people in three different rooms tell us the same thing. you may not be able to say you have a fingerpr

a lot of people think it's george washington. he is not as great a military influence as most people think with robert e. lee. napoleon bonaparte on the left-hand side of the screen is absolutely these soldiers soldier of the 19th century. most americans today just look at napoleon and say waterloo. that's one of his battles. napoleon bonaparte fights 60 major battles and winds 53 of them. that's why people studying napoleon bonaparte. napoleon bonaparte is going to put together the blueprint for shock and awe with a linear style tactic using an army throughout the 19th century. robert e. lee, stonewall jackson, william tea sherman, and ulysses s grant, all of that figure out how to use the armies not as well as napoleon, but they get that manual that he will put down throughout his campaign. the man in the middle is a french speaking swiss, and a shameless self promoter. he is going to serve as a staff officer under marshall neigh, who served under napoleon. what he is going to do is learn from the best. he is known as the brave

for columbus, george washington, so on. nothing like that. it would not be surprising. what's interesting to me is the parallel in the capital building, or on capitol hill generally, maybe in the whole city. perhaps maybe in the whole of united states. the way columbus is used is not as transparent. not even remotely. every columbus day, different things are said about columbus day, indigenous peoples day, so on, that shoulder isn't that kind of same level of transparency. instead it becomes part of these little battlegrounds we've seen recently over monuments, their significance. >> i have a question that's literary rather than art historical. >> and other discipline i have no business talking about. >> i think you should wonder into it. you quoted the ways in which people talked about how people have looked at the capitol art over the centuries. words like vandalism, souvenirs, protecting the building from visitors, poking, pulling out the artwork. do you sense any kind of shift over time and the ways in which those who were in charge of preserving the capital thought

did this during the american revolution george washington always oversells. just how bad it is to congress because he knows if he doesn't over sell it he still not going to get he's not going to get everything that he needs. so robert e lee kind of takes that book or that page out of george washington's book. it's a smart very smart move. but the richmond fredericksburg micsomic railroad is not supplying his men and his horses with the materials. he needs there have been two armies and stafford county and spotsylvania county which surround fredericksburg. that these men are going to be like locust as some of the locals will call them. we're going out to the countryside. they'll be pillaging whatever they can one confederates said that the bird known as the chicken is extinct in this region, so you can't find you know any chickens around here. so, you know the supply situations not terrible, but it's not good and that's gonna force lee to send about 14,000 men two divisions under james long street his second in command down to southeast, virginia, their job is

and within this gallery so behind me is the newburgh theater which tells the story of general george washington at the end of the war in terms of civilian control of the army. so during the revolutionary war general washington took orders from the continental congress, which was a representative of civilians in directing the war effort and then at the end of the war his officers his fellow officers, so threatened the the continental congress so they need for the continental congress and a lot of it had to do with pay they weren't being paid. and so they the officers were always upset about that and sort of threatened to to revolt against the continental congress. so we newberg new york general george washington confronts his fellow officers and convinces them the the importance of having civilian control of the military in terms of upholding democratic principles and upholding order with in within the newly, you know, sort of american society. so the theater has about a 12-minute film, you know with historians talking about the the newberg conspiracy and the built up to it and and what it means

he is on his second marriage to a member of george washington's family. it's bringing slaves into the household johnson is clearly not happy about this that story gets contained in the book. this was interpreted differently depending on which newspaper you were writing for does that sound familiar you had the new york herald which was the sort of northern democratic keep the union together at all costs slavery camp possibly be that bad run by james gordon bennett you had the tribune on the other side going whatever it takes to get rid of slavery. bring the war on run by horace greeley and the new york times gets founded in 1851 to tread the middle ground, which is why they call themselves all the news that's fit to print implying that the rest of it is just partisan rubbish. but the reviews are different too and the northern democratic reviewers. look at this picture and say they're happy. they're healthy. they're listening to music. it can't possibly be that bad. the northern republican reviewers look at it and go we are one stiff wind away from this jus

there it is the 60 foot head of george, washington. three other units in a follow with jefferson lincoln and theodore roosevelt to be honored in unveiling ceremony. there was some controversy right from the start carving in the black hills. that controversy came from tribal people as well as people that today we would call people who were ecologists. the tribes they were looking at a place that they would come in and and honor and have honor ceremonies spend some time. and that at that time period we're talking 1925. that wasn't looked at the same way. we look at that today. well, most of our people especially more traditionalist are not so in favor of you know doing anything with the rocks like because a lot rocks are are believed to be part of, you know our system and living so, you know not to to blast those and carve them and make them out and that sort of thing, but those were things that were decided by by non-indians, you know a long time ago. but what we did was we studied the history of say like about rushmore for the four pre

george washington, he was a smallpox survivor. he had smart -- caught smallpox at 19 oh well he was traveling in barbados. he recognized the strategic value of variolation pretty keen late during the revolutionary war. after the american forces were soundly defeated during an attack on quebec and a reason for their defeat was so many soldiers had been killed or laid out by smallpox. recognizing that problem, george washington declared in 1777 that all soldiers in the continental army should be inoculated by variolation. now variolation was a very controversial practice, pretty much from the beginning in both europe and america and you see pro-and anti-variolation factions developed. because it involved infecting a healthy patient with smallpox, people opposed to variolation were afraid that patient would die from smallpox. they were also afraid the person infected and inoculated would infect others in the community and lead to a smallpox outbreak. also, the variolation process. because you are transferring biological matter from o

of course, then in 1789, to get across from new jersey who had to go -- even george washington bring his wife across. she arrived to a 13 gun salute, like a celebrity, and then within days she was giving a reception at the home, for people who were invited. so she became a very public figure at the very beginning. and people paid attention. i mean when you compare this to other countries now it's really remarkable. but people paid attention to what she, wore what kind of dessert she served at her receptions. and it got too much for one leader of the local newspaper who said that if we do not stop all of this attention, we will be reading items like this, they didn't call her first lady then. it was mrs. president or mrs. president's wife. we will be reading, her serenity who was much disposed in last week by a pain in third joint of the 4th finger of her left hand. we are happy to announce is in recovery after catching a cold when she went out in east so period in her lately delivered to her by the russian ambassador as a present from the princess. when i was writing this book i read