to get us down to gettysburg. that's not what i'm saying. i'm saying there should be some sense of what gettysburg meant beyond the movements of the 20th main laid on the afternoon of july the 2nd, some sense of what more was at stake. any examination of civilian morale, for example, should take into account military chronology because events on the battlefield heavily influenced how people on the home fronts viewed the conflict and its likely outcome. those calculations, in turn, affected how the civilian populations reacted to governmental efforts to keep this massive war going. are people going to accept con description, impressive in the confederacy? how far are they willing to go to maintain this struggle? the main way they decided how far they were willing to go was by following military events and trying to gauge the likelihood that they would have a favorable result, absolutely critical. it's also important to remember that the contending sides were democratic republics after all. wars are not fought in a

there was a bibliography of gettysburg published in 2004. it includes more than 6,000 titles, 6,000 titles so get busy if you want to right all. i think there will also be a continuing interest on the part of both university presses and commercial presses on biographies. again, people like to read biographies. another reason most academics don't write them. bill cooper today went against that stream. he wrote a really brilliant biography of jefferson davis. he wouldn't have done that for his first book now because he wouldn't get a job or tenure. but anyway, that's another story. people actually like to read biographies. so they will continue to be published. between 1991 and 2003 ten biographies of william te couple sus sherman and ulysses s. grant, not counting the ones since then. should readers consult the mou than 4,750 pages in those volumes or readers who happen to read the two men's memoirs missed the part that grant and sherman developed an effective partnership. i guess you could read them in a transor something and trying not to g

that humbling offer gave me a more favorable opinion of meade than his great victory at gettysburg. meade would remain in charge of the army. beside sherman could not be spared from the west. meade would be treated as grant continued, as he treated all commanders. he, grant would set the broad objectives of the command and stay away from what he called the minutia of command. initially meade grumbled that grant was probably going to get all the credit when his successes in that spring campaign and yet meade was soon telling his wife that he cheerfully would give grant all credit if he can bring the war to a close. i think this statement deserves a moment of historical attention. the willing to give grant all credit. of the five commanders of the potomac, only george meade accepted second place and worked so devotedly in a subordinate position. it's inconceivable that others would have willingly given the cooperation that meade tended for the rest of the war. from their first meeting grant and meade sensed that they could work well together. mutual warmth and respect between the two

his failure to pursue general joseph johnston's army after the meade's e inertia after gettysburg. the victories at chattanooga might well have come more from bragg's bungling than from grant's strategy. and now he was facing the best the south had to offer. robert e. lee and the army of northern virginia. this would be an entirely new ball game. one officer who quickly dismissed such reasoning was confederate general james longstreet. old pete knew grant well. he had been his best man at his wedding. long street warned those who would listen that man will fight us every day and every hour till the end of the war. as for grant facing the already legendary lee, the "new york times" asked rhetorically, that is true enough, but do these people ever think that if it be true grant has never fought lee, it is equally true that lee has never met grant. by march 27th, grant had established his field headquarters at culpepper. he was near, but not next to the army of the potomac, a decision of his choosing. his war aims in the forthcoming campaign were twofold. first, grant announced to use

yet victory at gettysburg the previous july had given the union army a heritage and new found enthusiasm. for the first time soldiers were writing regimental histories. all of them were drilling hard said one captain and they showed it. they were trim and hard as nails. on the other hand this army had been immobile for months along the north bank of the rapadan river. simply because of robert e. lee's brilliance as an army engineer. using high-heel strongly laces with artillery positions lee had made a fortress that could not be attacked. well at least the general leading the union army felt that way. george g. meade was the only ugly commander the army of the potomac ever had, tall, skinny, heavy bearded, hooked nose with an uncontrollable temper that caused officers to refer to him as a damned old goggle-eyed snapping turtle. mead was a better listener than a talker. in 1863, a new yorker wrote, nearly everyone in the army from the highest to the lowest have lost all confidence in general mead as a fighting man. but we all have the greatest confidence in his ability to keep us out of t

there's a great book, a historian compress best known for his book on gettysburg called lincoln at gettysburg in which he attacks the text, the meaning of the gettysburg address, has a notebook does not as well-known but is just as important are absent of a country called inventing america. it's an intellectual history of the declaration of independence. and particularly of the scottish enlightenment, hume and hudson and those few who shaped and formed the thinking of both young and then an adult thomas jefferson. when the central precepts of the scottish enlightenment, one of the central ideas of the culture in which thomas jefferson was steeped and soaked was that the idea that freedom is not only inseparable from responsibility, but that freedom is responsibility. that every right comes with a countervailing duty. that you cannot separate. and in the early years of the republic they didn't even need to say because it was just understood that to be a civic republican, small or republican, meant that you show up. you show up at town meetings if you show up when it's time to take one account

a north carolina lieutenant writing a few hours after getting in from gettysburg. that delay was fatal to us. we lost the golden opportunity. it is hardly possible to say how great our victory would have been. dare we miss the genius of jackson, the simplest soldier in the ranks felt it. there is plenty of room, i suppose, to argue the options on the slope above the house and their potential results but not so much anymore to express the notion that those who were frustrated made it up after the fact. one of lee's battlefield attainments as opposed to confederate perceptions of their admired leader, seems clear to me that lee against long, long odds, crafted some of the most amazing campaigns in american history. even of world history. his thorough reversal of the war's course in eight summer weeks in 1862, moving from the outskirts of richmond to the doorstep of washington, is hard to contemplate without some astonishment. although, of course, the nay sayers stand militantly arrayed against such enthusiasm of date. an army that was not yet sculpted to his preferen

gettysburg college, which began sending acceptance letters 30 years before the civil war battle of gettysburgce, beside the campus, sent one of those letters this year. >> congratulations! congratulations! don't cry! >> is this real? is this real? >> can you read it? >> it is my pleasure that you have been admitted for academic year 2012. your academic record -- >> your academic record and scholastic achievements clearly identify you as the type of student we would be pleased to have at gettysburg. your acceptance is a significant accomplishment and we congratulate you on this important milestone. whoa. right? get. out. exactly! really?! [ mom ] what? shut the front door. right? woop-woop! franklin delano! [ male announcer ] hey! there's oreo creme under that fudge! oreo fudge cremes. indescribably good. the economy needs manufacturing. machines, tools, people making stuff. companies have to invest in making things. infrastructure, construction, production. we need it now more than ever. chevron's putting more than $8 billion dollars back in the u.s. economy this year. in pipes, cement, steel

. >> savior of gettysburg. >> savior of gettysburg, right. he has a political coalition to keep together which davis i think doesn't -- >> that, in fact, is the one area in which i think you could credit davis perhaps for showing bet judgment or perhaps being under pressure from lincoln. you don't find the great cadre of political generals in the army. only two career politicians rise to the rank of major general, howell cobb, almost as fat as winfield scott, he has permanent shadows on his shoes, he can't get out of them, so he never commands in the field. [ laughter ] and the other is, so he winds up commanding things like conscription of the draft in georgia and the other is john c. breckenridge who turns out to be a decent division commander but not given too much responsibility until he's already demonstrated himself. the confederacy doesn't have as many of these enclaves to please, though there are still plenty of them and virtually every tole tigs politician in t confederacy thought he ought to be a general. lincoln in order to hold th

forget gettysburg as the great turning point. of course it wasn't. the summer of '64 is as close as the confederates came. a long time after the supposed great turning point in the summer of 1863. there are tremendous links between politics and military affairs. i'll give you one example -- no, i'm going to give you two. we have a digital clock here. i know exactly how many minutes, seconds an seconds i have left. nothing left to chance in this conference. there's a trap door right underneath me, too. so you'll be out of here by 5:00, maybe even a little bit before. i want to give you two examples of these linkages. the first is the bloody stalemate -- the apparent stalemate in virginia and georgia during the summer of 1864, the incredibly bloody summer of 1864. grant and sherman seemingly bogged down, threatened republican prospects in the elections of 1864. prompting lincoln's pessimistic blind memorandum in august that predicted defeat. jeff wert mentioned that earlier. happily for lincoln and his party and all who hoped to make emancipation a sin

their reasons might be, but this notion that there are legions of them with lee's army invading gettysburg is simply nonsense. there were tens, maybe hundreds of thousands hired out by their owners to the military. >> or brought to the front by officers. >> or brought to the front by officers. >> enslaved people. >> yeah, they're teamsters, working with the army. most are not there by choice. they're there because their owners have hired them out. >> agreed, jim? >> well, the second part of the question, davis was as a last act of desperation in the spring of in february and march of 1865, willing to support the negro soldier bill that was passed by the confederate congress in march of 1865. >> which makes a mockery of his own constitution. >> it does make a mockery of his. it also sent a confidential mission to europe, that duncan kenner mission to england and france in march of 18 -- february of 1865 to offer the confederates a confederacy would -- the offer was rather vague. some degree of emancipation, maybe not complete abolition of slavery if the french would recognize the confederac

gettysburg college, which began sending acceptance letters 30 years before the civil war battle of gettysburgo take place, beside the campus, sent one of those letters this year. >> congratulations! congratulations! don't cry! >> is this real? is this real? >> can you read it? >> it is my pleasure that you have been admitted for academic year 2012. your academic record -- >> your academic record and scholastic achievements clearly identify you as the type of student we would be pleased to have at gettysburg. your acceptance is a significant accomplishment and we congratulate you on this important milestone. [ woman ] for the london olympic games, our town had a "brilliant" idea. support team usa and show our olympic spirit right in our own backyard. so we combined our citi thankyou points to make it happen. tom chipped in 10,000 points. karen kicked in 20,000. and by pooling more thankyou points from folks all over town, we were able to watch team usa... [ cheering ] in true london fashion. [ male announcer ] now citi thankyou visa card holders can combine the thankyou points they've earned a

lee powell, "the associated press," gettysburg, pennsylvania. >>> thanks so much for joining us at 5.>> the news edge at 6 starts now. >>> egypt's state news agency is reporting that hosni mubarak is lipically -- clinically dead. he was in a military hospital where he suffered a stroke. the state news agency said he did not respond to defibrillation and we'll bring you the latest. >>> and to the race for the white house. president obama and mitt romney vying for votes. romney wraps up a five-day bus tour while the president picks up the key endorsement and craig bosswell has more. >> reporter: mitt romney hits familiar territory holding a business round table in raleigh and michigan, his home state. the former massachusetts governor is also focused

by the book on bill o'reilly .com and we will send you the gettysburg address in a nice display and ifm member or reh re-up yot killing lincoln free of charge. most sympathize with the bus monitor verbally assaulted. they mocked her weight and cursed her are out. this is what ms. klein said yesterday. >> they would mock out anything they could think of. i tried to pretend that they weren't doing this. i have escaped a lot of my life in trying to let things go. >> bill: well, the american people have spoken and donateed more than a half million dollars to ms. klein. is comfort money. generous americans wanting to help the woman to ease her pa n pain. so all of those who donated money to karen klein are compassionate patriots. is it for us tonight. check out the fox news factor website different from bill o'reilly .com. we would like you tosspot off about the factor from anywhere in the world. name and town name and town, name and town if you wish to oh pine. word of the day do not be a p l poltroon when writing to the factor. to write about the greg gutfeld segment, write directly to hi

in the same vein as gettysburg, and palusia.he japanese navy sailed with the intention of drawing the u.s. navy into an all-out fight. one that would eliminate the remainder of our presence in the pacific and clear the path to hawaii and even the west coast. and all that stood in their way were 3,000 marines, sailors and a few soldiers on midway island. that's the last slim line of defense between the empire of japan and the united states of america. the marines dug in and prepared for what was thought to be the inevitable invasion. and on the morning of june 4th, the japanese launched a strike. marine fighters met the raiders head on. unfortunately it was a turkey shoot and our fighters were no match for the zeros of the imperial fleet air wing. the formation continued to midway and pounded the island. as fire raged, the gunners kept firing from their anti-aircraft battery in search of enemy bombers. it was so intense the japanese decided to send a second wave to complete the destruction of the defenses. the marines continue to

next morning eisenhower drive from gettysburg to the white house to see johnson and sees kennedy's body lying in state and goes to see johnson and he writes out longhand here is what you need to call a joint session of congress and what you need to say because the world is watching. the country is traumatized. everyone wonders what will happen next. his basic advice is you need to promise to do everything in your power to push through kennedy's agenda which stalled in congress and wasn't going anywhere. eisenhower is advising johnson to push it through. eisenhower did not like -- eisenhower believed at this moment what the country needed was a message of stability and continuity. for what johnson's presidency eisenhower played with off-camera roles where johnson would say can you make up a cover story why you need to be in washington to see me. i don't want anyone to think it is an emergency so come up with another reason to be here. i need to talk to you. there are meetings that in the white house and vietnam that eisenhower ran and jumped attendance and eisenhower ran the meetings. yo

. >> in fact, the following week in a congressional delegation congressman a pilgrimage to gettysburgo see eisenhower could do that okay, the limits of the rest of the kennedy administration on eisenhower person that said there should be no wish to. it is important that we support our president, especially in foreign policy in dangerous times this not become a partisan issue. >> which is very much like what happened about two or three weeks ago. i just have to bring this out. after george w. bush left office. the club has its protocols and traditions. he went off the grid and disappeared into the current president deserves my silence, which is a classy thing to do. obviously his vice president didn't take that approach. [laughter] but when he finally broke cover about three weeks ago and makes them very gently constructive criticism of obama's texan energy policy, after sentence or two he said that i don't believe our president in our country should criticize our president. so the public road of supporting the current ones continues. this is just a great picture. >> this is another am

when they were school boys in their teens, they were still being taught by men who had fought at gettysburg and chancellorsville, and shiloh, relatively young men. they were much closer to that experience than we are for example to vietnam. the impress of the civil war on that generation as you know was very, very powerful. affect. on the evening of the first and terrible day of shiloh, to most of us, the most tragic of all the civil war battles, a battle fought by gangs and groups and ragged cohorts of 18-year-olds from wisconsin and mississippi. and alabama and indiana. and who were being led by -- elected regimental colonels who in today's terms would be officers in the kiwanis club or state farm agents. quite literally. the slaughter was unspeakable. here is grant from his memoirs remembering his experience that night. "i made my headquarters under a tree a few hundred yards back from the river bank. the rain fell in torrents. my ankle was much swollen from the fall. from the fall of my horse on the friday evening preceding. and the bruise was so painful i could get no sleep. i moved ba

when the green mountain boys swarmed into uniform to fight at gettysburg and cold harbor, et cetera. more vermonters per capita fought and died on the union side than in any other northern state. and that's also the legacy of ethan allen. and the planes that fly patrol over new york city since 9/11 are the green mountain boys of the air guard of vermont. his legacy is a state with dissent. never really agreeing. even among its congressional delegation. never agreeing from the west side of the mountains to the east side of the mountains. gu it has a strong reputation for diversity and dissent. most of all the legacy of ethan allen is since his time where people went to start over, to start again. thank you. this is where i usually say fire at will. >> do we have a very brief time for one or two questions. >> in the review of your book, reference is made for him being anned a have indicate of church and state. can you comment further on that? >> well, his attack on the established church in new england and his book "the only orac oracle," he doesn't think that you should appear in hier

i think i know how the guy had to follow link in's gettysburg address feels. brilliantly done, as usual. what brought me to the warriors is exactly what you have seen from joe and he did today. rarely do you find odours so passionate about winning and so dedicated to creating a great -- not good, a great organization. today, what joe, peter, and the warriors are doing is acting in a very big way. there are a lot of people here who have played or will play key roles in making sure that we are all gathered back here for a ribbon-cutting ceremony in 2017. i would like to acknowledge a couple of them. it was less than six months ago, mayor, that you directed the warriors and giants to work together to see if we could not find a location suitable for a multipurpose arena and a future home for the golden state warriors. today, we are on a site that was not available at that point, but when it did become available, this was it, and we knew this was it. the giants have welcomed us to the neighborhood. they have been generous in their time and support, and we want to t

maryland's most powerful radar but we zoom in on the storms that are bearing down on the areas around gettysburgand gusty winds damaging winds in excess of 60 miles an hour and large hail with the storms towards york. red lion more of the same. and this is going to be sliding off towards us as we head through the remainder of the morning. i will keep you updated on the information. >> traffic there are closures people need to be aware of. >> following breaking news out of southwest baltimore. we have a crew on the scene of atwo-alarm house fire so if you are traveling in the area be aware of that. we will bring you more on the fire coming up in a few minutes. no problems to report on the jfx, nice and clear into the city beltway 11 minutes from parkville towards towson and west side nice and clear. and we just lopched a brand new -- launched a brand new gas give away contest today. you can win $600 in free gas cards through the entire summer. all you have to do is like my facebook profile and all of the details are at the very top of my page. be sure to enter. >>> now to the supreme court decisi

corollary -- [ inaudible ] i suppose 100 of you in this room, or 50 of you have stood with me, in gettysburg, arguing with my long time hero, gary gallagher, who will be here, my role model for many decade. arguing about whether the confederates recognize that what seemed to be a golden opportunity there or not. did they make this up based on hindsight? because for a long while there were only postwar, if early postwar accounts. a why had no one said so then? those vivid postwar accounts must be part of the all pervasive lost cause bilch. well not at all surprisingly, contemporary evidence did surface from people who wrote at the time subsequently over the years. a north carolina lieutenant writing, that delay was fatal to us. we lost the golden opportunity. it is hardly possible to say how great our victory would have been. dare we miss the genius of jackson, the simplest soldier in the ranges felt it. there is plenty of room. i suppose, to argue the options on the slope above the house and their potential results. but not so much anymore to express the notion that those who were frustrated

and prophecies that the war would never forget what united states soldiers had accomplished at gettysburg. that prediction proved true as we all know. those soldiers should not be remembered only because they fought in the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war. they should be remembered as representative of all the citizen soldiers who functioned at the absolute center point of the conflict. men whose actions and example take us a long way toward grasping the origins, the various episodes and the meaning of the war. all else did depend on the confederate arms. we should use military history in a way that enables us, for example, to comprehend not only why mcclellan retreated from richmond during the first week of july, 1862, but also how that retreat shaped the political and social dimensions of life in two nations at war. any study of the civil war that slights the importance of military affairs can yield only the most flawed understanding of our greatest national trauma. thank you. [ applause ] . >>> the civil war airs here every saturday at 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. and sundays at 11:0

gettysburg college ba. georgetown university, m.d. and georgetown university medical school, associate professor, ten years. george washington university, clinical professor of neurology, ten years. 14 books, including most recently mysteries of the mind. richard martin restak. >> dr. restak, you have had quite an extraordinary career. first of all, you taught at georgetown. >> yes. >> then you abandoned the jesuits or did they dump you? then you moved over to g.w. >> yes. >> do you still teach inta at georgetown? >> i'm in the faculty but spend most of my time at g.w. >> okay. i have that number, by the way, and england and wales, out of every millionth person born alive in 1880, only 223 could expect to be alive 100 years later. 1880. so that's 112 years from now. 110, about that. for those born in 1990, out of one million people, 8,710 can expect to be alive 100 years later, 40 times greater. infants born in 2025 can expect to live 100 years. >> well, we should have cancer and heart disease, the big killers, under better control by

at gettysburg every battery site is marked with a recording. every general who fell is remembered in bronze and marble. what about the physician who died? nothing. and that is medicine during the civil war. so i appreciate the fact that you came out on this cold night and i look forward to your questions. thank you. they can't be too difficult that i can't answer. >> the civil war happened less than a decade after the crimean war. >> i'm sorry? >> the civil war happens less than a decade after the crimean war. >> yes. >> and florence nightingale by this time is writing quite a bit about the hygiene lessons learned in that war. how much is that propagating into that? >> it had an impact on many people they did not get into. for instance, with the nurses, althea dix, but the answer is florence nightingale's book on nursing was throughout america. women knew about it. and dix, who started a nursing corps during the time of the civil war for the army, she read florence nightingale. the women knew about florence nightingale. so the effect was there

and mercifully we learned from the gettysburg address which was five minutes that good speeches don't have to be that long, and i promise you that mine will not be that much longer, but i do want to tell you that i have a few simple truths i want to offer to you today that i hope you may remember for your consideration as you go out into an increasingly global but also an increasingly complex world. but i believe that's 36 years now since i walked out of my alma mater, but the same general rules of life that led to happiness and full nilme filame to today are stillin

how long was the battle of gettysburg? how long was the battle of gettysburg? three days.hen they took the night off. in the 20th century, world war i, world war ii, and going on, soldiers were trapped in combat and it was constant combat. day and night, artillery bombardment. tuxedos and longer. what happened to the human mind, when human beings are in that kind of situation -- two medical doctors found that after 60 days, that 90% of soldiers suffer psychiatric. 2% of soldiers can be exposed to war for long periods of time and kill and kill and never go insane. why is that 2% different than the 98%. wanting to present be exposed and never go insane, and why can the other 98% not? they were already insane before they went to war. of course come in the study from the majority of people in that 2% were psychopaths. they are having a good time. fortunately, for the 2%, the 98% is higher. during world war ii, what percentage of soldiers in combat who had a chance to shoot at the enemy actually fired directly at the enemy? oh, exactly. about 15%. how did you know that? >> [ina

he received the medal of honor for his actions at gettysburg. he was captured in spotsylvania but escaped and walked nearly 400 mimes to get back to federal lines. actually, that makes the 50-mile legacy march look a little tame. doesn't it? he was seriously wounded three times to include getting shot in the leg with artillery fire during the battle of antietam and it's antietam i want to connect with you here for a moment. antietam was the bloodiest day in american military history. 23,000 casualties in a single eight-hour period fought on a space not much larger than the upper parade ground. at antietam cemetery there's a monument to the individual private soldier. it's actually one of the few monuments to a private soldier in all of our statuary related to our wars. the locals in antietam call it "old simon." at the base of old simon there are a few simple words that speak to the men over whom he stands, and with whom he will forever share that field. and those words are these -- not for themselves but for their country. not for themselves, b

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armstead, that you mentioned, was he related to the armstead general who helped lee pick the charge at gettysburg? >> two questions on the waving of the flag. >> i'll answer the first question first. >> okay. >> sure. right. there was an american flag the whole time. however, there was a smaller one during the night of the bombardment on the pole. and it was probably just sopping wet on the mast. that flag, the wet one, the smaller one, was taken down by dawn's early light and replaced with the large one which was carefully kept dry, and that's the one you see in the national museum of american history, but that flag did fly. the americans saw, it key saw it, the british saw it. he was inspired to write "the star spangled banner." now the second question was about armstead, and they are related. the armstead who was killed leading picket's charge was the nephew of george armstead who defended this fort, and actually last night i took a couple of park rangers and we visited their grave here in baltimore. they are buried side by side in old st. paul cemetery right here in baltimore city. >> next up