i started doing staff rides down your gettysburg. i built my retirement home here in gettysburg. it should be the easy for me to pick my backyard is my favorite place and go from there, except he gave me one requirement, i couldn't take gettysburg. yes you did. you really did. but of course, that presents a new challenge. if not my backyard, where? steve alluded earlier to what got us started, that foundational moment. if we were allowed to pick not just a place connected with the civil war, but also civil war it is just that flash of inspiration that you get. how many of you in the audience are from the pittsburgh area? i saw a steelers churn around here. some of you have been to a place called soldiers and sailors memorial hall. it is in the oakland section of pittsburgh, on the outskirts of the university of pittsburgh. a very busy area, lots of traffic, except one large block where there is a lot of open, green space and a lot of openness. the little island of silence in an otherwise very busy place. how did i discover it? the easiest way to describe it is baseball. my grandm

time, then the war in virginia ought to look differently after gettysburg them before gettysburg. let me go find out what was going on in virginia following the battle of gettysburg. when i went to find secondary literature on it, i drew a blank, because there isn't any to speak of on what happens in virginia between gettysburg and the opening of the overlaying campaign. you can find a paragraph here or there and it will get mentioned in a biography for a few pages or a regimental history now and again. i was forced to go to the official record. i started reading regimental histories, newspapers, archives to find the answer i wanted. what i discovered was contrary to the way history is treated, which is to say nothing of important happened, meade and lee maneuvered around each other but it was essentially a stalemate after the armies lick their wounds following gettysburg. it is as though historiography hit the fast-forward button from middle july to early may of 1864. if you pay attention to anything going on during that time, you have to pay attention to chattanooga and chickama

looked before gettysburg. let me find out what was going on in virginia, following the battle of gettysburg. i went to find secondary literature on it, i drew a blank because there isn't any secondary literature to speak of on what happens in virginia between the battle of gettysburg and the opening of the overlaying campaign. you can find a paragraph here and there, page here and there and it will get mentioned in a biography for a few pages, but there wasn't really anything there. since there wasn't anything in the secondary literature, i was forced to go to the official records and read regimental histories, go into the archives and all these sorts of things to find the answer i wanted. what i discovered was that contrary to the way history has treated the second half of 1863 in virginia, which is to say nothing of importance happened, meade and lee maneuvered around each other, there were a few small battles but it was essentially a stalemate as the armys licked their wounds. nothing of significance happen

they end the gettysburg story two weeks later. that's because it didn't end on the banks of the potomac. and it doesn't end in july. there's a lot of operations following lee's retreat across the potomac. although that's not the focus, it's important to understand how we get from here to the run at the end of november. so from meade today, you're not going to get one small battle but a fistful that has a cumulative effect of how the war unfolded in 1864. lee crosses the potomac. he rests his army to see what meade is going to do. what meade would really like do is follow george mclelland's example and recover from the gettysburg. he believes he should leave the army alone until he can replace the losses, get ourselves reorganized, and we have a reasonable chance of going out and fighting another battle and winning another victory. although general meade knows that's not in the cards. one, after he attacks, he's in trouble with the administration and lincoln has expressed his dissatisfaction and stuck in meade's craw. he got the ar

i have got to say since i have been asked to do gettysburg at gettysburg, to stand on that dais and -- if you look past the crowd, you can see the stones of the cemetery. that is a consuming moment. you contemplate the deaf. all of that meant -- the death. all of that meant. i greet the crowd. i thank them for coming to the commemoration. it is not a celebration. it is not high-fives and let's have pictures taken. it is solemn. we have got to get it right every time. beenre books that have published then any other president. people are surprised to know there are many people in the field doing this. approximately how many? you have an association. >> there is an association. i believe there about 100 throughout the country. that keeps that memory alive. >> when you gather together, what do you talk about? >> getting it right. and, where the venues have been. what the next steps are repeated with the new publications are saying -- what the next steps are. what the new publications are saying. if there have been issues brought up in the past, how has it been handled? it is a collaborati

then the absolute xena scums at gettysburg in -- the absolute zenith comes at gettysburg in november 1863 when he vows that government shall not perish from the earth. a speech so surpassingly great that it has its own legends, including the one that it was scrawled on the back of an envelope, on a train, when lincoln demonstrably could not write on trains. that farewell speech to springfield he tried to write out afterwards, but it was so rocky he gave the text to a secretary and the rest is recorded in the secretary's hand. in fact, he wrote the gettysburg address carefully and diligently while nursing his small son from a mild case of smallpox, which he then got. if the gettysburg ceremony had been on november 20 and not november 19, it probably would not have been delivered because lincoln came down with smallpox on the way home from gettysburg and was attended by his valet, an african-american man named william johnson whom he'd hired against the wishes of the irish-american doorman of that white house. he had quite a time getting him on the payroll. and the reason i think it wa

gettysburg was not rapturously received nor attacked.t was received like all his speeches politically, in a partisan way. republicans loved his speeches. democrats hated his speeches. if you read the newspaper criticism, it all breaks along party lines. the 1864 election campaign is a really big challenge for abraham lincoln. he is the first president to run for a second term since andrew jackson. second, it is not easy to run for president in a country that is not only broken in half and in which half a million people had already died. death had struck every household in some way. as lincoln said in philadelphia during the early days of the campaign, the war has carried mourning to almost every home until it could be said the heavens are hung in black. that is a quote. you would have to be good at shakespeare. that is from henry vi part one. the next line is yield day to night. comets importing change of time and states. the other thing going on with lincoln is a fatalism even as he fights hard for that second term. he is becoming a rel

gettysburg was not rapturously received nor attacked. received like all his speeches politically, in a predicate -- partisan way. republicans loved it, democrats hated it. if you read the newspaper witticism, it all breaks along party lines. the 1864 election campaign is a really big challenge for lincoln. he is the first president to run for a second term since andrew jackson. second, it is not easy to run for president in a country that where halfn half and a million people had already died. struck every household in some way. philadelphiaid in in the early days of the campaign, the war has carried mourning to almost every home until it could be said the heavens are hung in black. quote, you would have to be good at shakespeare. that is from henry the fifth part one. is yield day to night -- the night.ne is yield day to on withr thing going even as hea fatalism fights hard for a second term. he is becoming a religious here another controversy about how to interpret lincoln. he writes a memo to himself discovered after his death in whic

but gettysburg, the civil war, reconstruction. the civil war and reconstruction are a rupture in american history. the rebels win the first revolution. according to the regulation -- the right -- according to the declaration, they are supposed to win the second but they don't. it is the and of the founders' consititution. the constitution that we get after the civil war after be construction amendments is a break from the founders' design and it is just as big a break as the break created by independence from the british empire. the founders had a basic vision that said the federal government is dangerous. the federal government is a threat to liberty. states protect liberty, state militias will fight off the tyrannical federal government. things did not turn out that way because the federal government one, but they also did not turn out that way because it turned out to the tyrants. the state suppressed people. it was the federal government that fought for liberty. the right construction armaments reflect this new desk the be con

they fought at some of the best-known battles including antietam, gettysburg. they would always add to the list of the battle of gainesville -- gain gainesville. contemporaries and later historians have agreed that the texas brigade was one of the most effective units of the war and yet when i does into the intory -- when i dove the history, i thought we knew a lot about its combat experience and its overall service but we did not fully understand why it was so successful on the battlefield. what made this an elite unit? i concluded it is because we lacked the full picture of these men are really of the unit as a whole. i did not think we were in thehing unit history right way. or i doubt we could approach this unit history in a better way. modern unit history has largely abandoned this a laboratory tone which were often written by a veteran of the unit. very heroic tales. by the time we got to the late 20th century, these had become pretty sophisticated analyses which really did accomplish that a unit history done well is a study of democracy at work. -- at wa

that's why you do not see gettysburg on the slide. the cavalry was in gettysburg. they participated in day three. it was about the same time that the pettigrew trimble charge was heading in from the front. tom was still lying in a hospital bed in richmond and every surgeon who looked at him said son, you are not going to make it. that's why he was not at gettysburg. after convalescing for a little over a year and in the interim, once surgeons believed he had gained enough strength, they thought what would help most in the healing process would be to let him go back home to washington county. nothing like a mothers love that can help in the healing process. so tom is lying there in the home he was born in, in the bed he slept in every night since he was a wee little baby, and he hears horses on his mom and dad's front lawn. before he can even get out of bed, someone yells, "colley, can you ride? and he goes to the window, and it's grumble jones. jones had recently been appointed to head up the military in southwest virginia and upper east tennessee. they were advanc

in your mind, your research, is gettysburg still considered the major turning point, or do you see it as being something else or other sets of circumstances? >> i would say it would be the big turning point. i noted i know some people would disagree, but gettysburg was a desperate move and confederacy, robert e. lee trying to get a major victory on northern home soil. his biggest purpose for that would have been to bring in european help to the south. a lot of people in the south, a lot of leadership in the south we're really counting on bringing in france and england on the side of the south to go against the united states. one of my research topics was a french nobleman who right up to the very end the 1965, was hoping to bring france and on the side of confederacy. what these european powers were looking for was to see if the south had a chance of winning, or at least coming up with negotiations. it would have been a great victory on northern soil. it might have persuaded some foreign powers to at least recognize confederacy as an independent government, but that failed through. it

like gettysburg is in the middle of the summer. it's in early july. and to me, it's just -- you can -- you know, this is summerweight, it's also winterweight, but a soldier would have been wearing really, long johns, flannel long johns with a linen shirt and that coat. and you couldn't leave it unbuttoned. it was part of the uniform, it had to be buttoned. so you're wearing that. you would have been wearing woollen pants, and almost useless woollen cap. so, yeah, the evidence -- and the shoes, by the way, leather soles and the shoes would have been hideously uncomfortable. and you'll notice that they were not -- the sole was not sewed on, they were pegged on with little pegs. so if you want to see that, that's -- but, yeah, there's evidence that you would have seen these soldiers. and i read a lot of letters where they were just dying of thirst. they have a very low-capacity canteen. and you would have seen people dropping from heatstroke. >> so since this is nationally televised, i'm going to ask you the million-dollar question. in your mind, in your

dwight eisenhower spends his winters in california at palm desert, but he spends the summers in gettysburgpennsylvania. please visit the eisenhower home there. eisenhower decides the democratic party has much better marketing than the republican party and hosts a symposium at his gettysburg farm with gop leaders to try to see, how can the republican party better market itself? the result of that has never been known to history before. i probably say, until i found it. that is this record called mr. lincoln's party today. it is a longplaying record. here is the back cover. famous pictures and faces of that era. former president eisenhower out of the white house for two years. richard nixon, running for the governorship of california two years ago, he was ike's vice president. on the left is barry goldwater, conservative republican of arizona. in the middle right is nelson rockefeller. the liberal republican governor of new york. on the lower left is the man who just became a republican, ronald reagan. clearly, him being chosen as the narrator of this important republican party record was ap

do visit gettysburg, you will see a logbook. eisenhower had every person who entered the home and left including her family sign the logbook in and out. 66 as the senator of ronald reagan about to meet dwight eisenhower for the first time. this is the first of four meetings they hold. they like to play golf. it is not a five minute visit and you take some publicity photos. you are together for hours in the golf cart planning strategy. you will learn all they discussed. it is a shame neither of them took notes of their meetings veryse these meetings were critical for world history. they met four times. reagan is running for the governorship of california. theou were here driving california freeway, there was much less traffic then, you will see billboards of the smiling picture of ronald reagan weighing common sense solutions to california. he created for himself the same kind of record that he mailed out to the public like the republican party had done four years earlier. he used the term he -- the term he got from eisenhower's

they are loading up on a train we are pretty sure to go to the 1913 reunion at gettysburg. i won't guess where they are. historians aren't allowed. you can see everyone gathered together. letters talk about the fact that residents could take the food back to their room and eat in privacy, if being around people was making them crazy. we all get like that sometimes. you can see the chapel where they had weekly services and a number of funerals. beauvoir has its own cemetery , and this is where the weddings often took place. here's the very famous hospital. this is the fireproof version as they called it. there were several fires at the beauvoir hospital. there were several fires at the hospital. the state raised a tremendous amount of money. not quite fireproof. the doctors on staff really provided probably better care -- i talked to medical historians. i sent them a page from the hospital registry. i showed them these are prescriptions being given to patients. i can't make any sense of this. they said, that's on par for the mid-20th century. this is the library cottage wher

when here in gettysburg, he told the nation that while it was fitting to mourn the battlefield dead,is for us the living to be dedicated here to finish the work -- it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great past remaining before us. that we take increased devotion to the cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. here again was the exquisite act of balance. where he again moved on, he balanced sadness and hope. he balanced death and life itself. i believe it was a balancing act that he learned at a very early age. thank you very much. [applause] >> we have time for maybe two questions. >> my name is jeff from connecticut. you touched on a good subject. obviously, he suffered through this stuff and handled grief hurried do you suppose this had any correlation to how he handled the dreams of his own assassination? dr. dirck: wow. i tend to be a bit of a minimalist when it comes to evidence. i like to stick to the collected works and little else. there was an account that he had a dream about his own assassination. i'm not saying he didn't have a dream. he m

ireland had held the extreme right flank at the battle of gettysburg. he's the joshua chamberlain of the other side from that northern state. "the new yorker" sprinted 600 yards from the railroad depotato the buildings losing several men along into way. once behind the buildings, ireland's men began building breast work learning their value at culp's hill. ireland moved his sharpshooters ahead and then soon forced goldwait's canon back in the gap. from there the newyorker's stayed under cover. for the next hour the battlefield remain in stalemate. and pretty much the lines that were the final lines. that's how it actually pretty much ended up. suddenly the men heard a rumbling on the road to the rear. captain clemens landed the missouri horse artillery was coming. howitzer. his appearance was marked by prolonged cheering by the union troops and in short time union projectiles began falling towards taylor's ridge. again, this is the final disposition. you can see ireland's men down here near the buildings right up against the creek. about 11:30, a visito

now, obviously compared to gettysburg or some of those battles it doesn't reach that realm, but we're talking 25,000, 35,000 troops and casualties in the thousands. so it's on the high end of a little battle if you want to call it a little battle, but it does have tremendous results, huge results. i'm not going to stand here and argue to you like some historians get into topic so much or writing a biography and argue this is where the war was won and lost. i'm not going to argue to you champion hill is where the north won the war and south lost the war. it will depend in that case on what you think of vicksburg. now, i'm guessing here up in the northern virginia land we would get a whole lot of eastern centric ideals and the war was won and lost in the east and all that kind of stuff. well, i hail from the west, of course, and i'm thoroughly convinced that the civil war was won and lost in the west. gutted, the confederacy was absolutely gutted while you're just kind of stalemate up here a little bit. that's arguable. we're getting some feedback on that. we're not here to argue where

change thenceived to outcome of the battle of gettysburg in particular or the war itself and a wheeze in favor of the confederacy. some of these apparently come out of what former prime minister margaret thatcher land.ed to as cuckoo i was once asked, i'm not joking , i was once asked if i thought lee could have won the war. the question is always --good lee have won the war? i was once asked if i thought lee could have won the war if he had been equipped with the atomic bomb. [laughter] i'm not joking. i'm not joking. it, i knewld have the answer to the question. [laughter] which i will now vouchsafed to you. the answer is -- no. lateif he had the bomb, had no b-29 to deliver it. [laughter] callinge in my mind lee jeff stewart to his headquarters and saying -- ok, i want you to take this gizmo and ride like hell towards yankee lines. light the fuse and well, you won't be coming back. [laughter] but i want you to know that i have written a very nice letter to mrs. stewart complementing you on how bravely you were vaporized. but yet, there is still a lesson to be learned from these str

apparently he has a tradition of taking his clerks to gettysburg every year. he was asked why he did that. here is a little bit of the explanation. >> in these jobs, a lot of negativity comes in. that is a lesson i learned, that somehow you keep it together and you say, look, i know i am experienced. i have seen how the sausage is made. all we have left is the ideal of what the perfectibility of this great republic. that's basically the reason. plus, it is kind of fun. >> you can contemplate how our country could have gone in a different way. >> if we have lost. and if lee had won, that would have been a problem. probably more of a problem for me than you. host: we see his sense of humor. he is talking about how people watching the sausage being made so closely can be jaded about it and how it's important to the about the ideals. what did you learn about being inside the court that you did not realize before by studying? elizabeth: it's an extraordinary institution. the cases are difficult and they can be controversial. and i think that there is no way to repo

ames had distinguished himself at gettysburg. he was an excellent field officer. but this whole feud thing with them went on and on. and ames didn't say much except he wrote his after action report and you would have thought ames won the battle. then years later, years later a veterans group in new york city was meeting at delmonico's restaurant and it was announced in advance, you know, like we are doing here, they made presentations on different topics. and it was announced ames was going to speak on the battle of fort fisher. this was in the 1890s. they were elderly by then. and so ames came and stood at the lectern and delivered this. general terry had recently died. terry ended up being one of the rare volunteer officers who kept his rank, stayed in the regular army. he was the officer that sent custer to the little big horn and he was, had a distinguished career after the war but became ill and died. not long after he died, ames asked to make this presentation. in it, critics said, he took credit for the fort fisher and basically according to critics, their

aims had distinguishing himself at gettysburg it was an excellent field officer. but the whole few feud thing with them went on and on. he wrote his after action report, and you would have thought that aims won the battle, and then years later, years later the veterans group in new york city was meeting at del monica's restaurant, and it was announced in advance like we are doing here, they would make presentations on different topics. it was announced that aims would speak on the battle of fort fishers in the eighties. they were elderly by then. aims came and stood and delivered this -- general theory had recently died. he had ended up ended up being one of the rare volunteer officers who kept his ranks and state in the regular army. little big horn, distinguished career after the war. not long after he died, aims asked to make this presentation. in it critics said, he took credit for the fort fisher, and according to critics, their interpretation was that he really told thierry what to do and that is why the things worked out the way they did. sitting in the aud

the eastern theater is big fancy battles, gettysburg and antietam, robert e. lee and ulysses s.rant fighting it out. that is mostly what americans think when they think about the civil war. we have done a pretty good job mixing that up and realizing how complicated that is. the western theater, big fancy battles, big fancy armies, but a lot of division and complicated stuff. trans-mississippi theater, the war looks different here. you don't have as many of them -- of the big fancy armies and battles. you have what is called guerrilla warfare or irregular warfare. there are historians who recognize forms of irregular warfare take place throughout the confederacy, but the most explosive and certainly most famous parts of guerrilla warfare takes place in missouri and kansas, which is where we will spend of the class. half in the borderlands -- this here, which is oklahoma, is unorganized territory where native americans are forced to go during the 1830's during the trail of tears, from the expulsions in the southeast. they wind up in indian territory. along the gulf coast and into

this is part of the gettysburg annual summer conference. bookis is a panel on the "civil war places" and we have a couple of copies appear that people will be fromin -- thumbing through. we are going to have a screen behind us. i usually don't do anything this venturesome. actual images when i give a talk. this is somethof

they fought in some of the best-known battles, gettysburg, the wilderness. and you know the texas brigade always at the battle of gainesville and the one they millmost proud -- gaines and the one they were most proud of. contemporaries and historians have largely agreed the texas brigade was one of most effective units of the war. yet when idle into the history of this hard fighting unit when i started this project, i felt like we knew a lot about its combat experiences and overall service in the war but didn't fully understand why it was so successful on the battlefield peered what made this an elite unit. we really lacked a full picture. i didn't think we were approaching histories. monitor histories have abandoned the celebratory tone which were often written by a veteran of the unit very heroic and noble tales. these have become pretty sophisticated analyses that did that a unit history done well is a study of the democracy at war. premier one of my favorites of the time. is the iron brigade. nolan made sure we made sure about individual men in the unit

well as texas and colorado and so at this point you may be asking your self i thought it was about gettysburg and basically virginia so i thought the same thing myself when i first started teaching and research in civil war history. i grew up in colorado and i have never heard that there were civil war battles in mexico or that colorado soldiers were really important to the union victory in the theater, and i had no idea they were involved at all because in colorado we got the pioneer history, silver mining history, but they were kind of a little bit later and then it was the ski industry and the ball goes. so, i wanted to find out more about this theater of the war and about why i never heard of this conflict at all before. so some things i found out between 1861 and 1868, and that is a correct year usually we talk of 61 to 65 but in the civil war history when you expand the geography, you expand the chronology so the war becomes broad and longer when you look at it from this place. between 1861 and 1868, the union and confederacy and native people struggled to control this freedom. the unio

she is an undergraduate degree from gettysburg college and a masters in museum studies from the prestigious program in cooperstown, new york. today going to talk to us about madison and the lead up to the constitution. i need to seconds to get my powerpoint up. as elizabeth alluded to -- you cannot have the director of education without talking about the constitution. i amwill follow today is going to do an overview. you could spend two hours on each of these topics easily but we are going to cover things in a broad sense. i do want to point out one of the things we have started to do at the center's offer classes called the constitution 101 series and we get to dig deeper into these topics for about 90 minutes each. if any of these are of interest to you after i'm done speaking -- i hope they will be -- i would encourage you to come back to any of those events. going to begin at the beginning in 1776. our second continental congress is preparing to declare independence from england. i think it is important for all of us to realize they are not necessarily going to embarq on ons declaration

she has an undergraduate degree from gettysburg college and a masters degree in museum studies from the very prestigious program in cooperstown, new york. and she's going to talk to us today about madison and the lead up to the constitution. emily: thank you. all right. i need two seconds to get my powerpoint up. because you can't have anything without a powerpoint, right? alright. alrighty. so yes, as elizabeth alluded to, so my talk this morning. you can't talk at the center for the constitution without talking to some degree about the constitution. so what we'll follow today is, and i'm going to do kind of an overview. you can spend two hours on each of these topics easily but we'll discover things in a broad sense. so, i do want to point out one of the things we started to do here at the center is offer classes called the "constitution 101" series. we get to dig deeper into these different topics for about 90 minutes each. so, if any of these are of interest to you after i'm done speaking today, which i really hope they will be, i would really encourage you to come back to any of th

. >> with the civil war, i first think of great armies clashing at gettysburg, shiloh, and antietam,. but that's the story these miniature vessels tell. when war between the states breaks out in 1861, union general winfield scott creates the anaconda plan. the idea -- blockade southern ports, take control of the mississippi, and, like a huge snake, squeeze the south into submission. the union builds a navy of more than 600 ships. >> they would commandeer boats from people -- ferry boats, paddle-wheelers, anything that floated and they could put a gun on it. >> larry's father, william, made models of many of them. there's the c.s.s. gaines, a wooden side-wheel confederate gunboat built in mobile, alabama. there's the u.s.s. vicksburg and the c.s.s. alabama -- a massive propeller-driven ship built in secrecy in england for the confederacy. all are made precisely to scale. 1 inch here translates to 8 feet on the real vessel. where did this all begin? did dad buy a book on ship building? >> i don't remember anybody ever teaching him how to do this. it's just something you have to be born

this point you may be asking yourself i have never heard this of the war, i thought it was about gettysburg and basically virginia. so i thought the same thing myself when i first started teaching and researching the civil war history 15 years ago which seemed like a very long time i group in colorado, i had never heard that there were civil war battles in mexico or colorado soldiers were really important to the union victory in that theater and i had no idea indigenous people were involved at all because in colorado we got history, silver mining history and indian wars but they were a little bit later and then the ski industry. in the denver broncos. so i wanted to find out more about the theater of the war and i wanted to find out why never heard of this conflict at all before. so some things i found out, between 1861 in 1868, that is the correct year, leisure tecra 61 - 65 but into the war history when you expand the geography you expand the chronology. it becomes flatter and longer when you look at it from this way. the union and the confederacy struggled to control the region they want

that was like the gettysburg address compared to what we saw last night. >> david gregory, i think the reporting is that jared kushner had a hand in this and steve miller, it seemed like his fingerprints were on it. he was categorizing it as a foreign virus. obviously viruss don't have a nationality. also the idea of time to close the borders, no foreigners should be allowed in during this. tom because tert who was a homeland security adviser says that is not the right answer. actually the virus is here. closing the borders is not anything that is necessarily going to be effective. what did you hear in the speech? >> i think it's on that point that this is so important. it's what ax is talking about. the psychology of the country right now. even the economy, which is experiencing real shocks because of this, it's not a lack of will on the american public. a demand is that the economy is really halting. obviously the markets were not assuaged by the president's remarks last night. as i was watching it in real-time, i thought it was not important to evaluate in terms of political perform

i thought it was about gettysburg. and basically virginia. so i thought the same thing myself when i first started teaching and researching civil war history 16 years ago. seems like a very long time. i grew up in colorado. i had never heard that there were civil war battles in new mexico or that colorado's borders were really important. to the union victory in that theater. in a new idea that so many people were involved at all. and even in colorado, we have put in history, mining history, indian wars a little bit later. and then you know. so, i wanted to find out more about this theater of the war and i wanted to find out why i had never heard of this conflict in all before. since the things and found out, so between 1861 and 1868, if that's correct year, usually we talk about 61 - 65. but in civil war history when you expend the geography, you expand the chronology. the word becomes both broader and longer when you look at it from this place. so between 1861 and 1868, the union, and 80 people struggled to control freedom. in the union conf

the gettysburg address was 270 words, and the ten commandments, we remember those, right? you! >> bill: we could be back to the front porch campaign. he comes out, talk to the press for a while, goes back inside government is in trouble. now you can do it much easier with -- technology. the second question, this is the question that i have. i understand they don't have answers. we have a travel ban on europe, we are going to have no guests, no fans at the ncaa, schools are closing. what is going to be the criteria by which they reopen? we don't know -- >> harris: that's a second time you've asked a question like that. what you are saying is nothing can be done in perpetuity. so how do we know -- >> bill: what is a reasonable reduction of the risk? >> dr. saphier: we need to see an equilibrium of new cases. but that won't be enough. it'll have to be once we have a significant decline in the majority of recovered cases. the only way to get there is going to be aggressive testing. you quarantine the sick and get their contacts and make sure they are quarantined and well. unti

obviously compared to gettysburg. we're talking 25 or 35,000 troops on this side. on the high end of a little battle if you want to call it a little battle, but it is huge results. i'm not going to stay here and argue to you, some historians get into their topics too much. and they argue that the battle was won and lost. i'm not going to argue where the north won the war or the south won the war, but it will defend in that case on what you think of vicksburg. i'm guessing up here in the army of northern virginia. and the war was won and lost. and i'm thoroughly convinced that the civil war was lost in the west. gutted, they were absolutely gutted while you're just a stalemate up here. getting some feed back on that. we're not here to argue where the war was won and lost. i'm not going to argue to you that champion hill was the and important is how much emphasis you put on the importance of vicksburg. what i will argue is that champion hill is the desightive point in the vicksburg campaign. if you think that they are the turning point, or where the confederacy is ri

but you've got that the roads just a reminder 60 miles north runs at gettysburg pike the third map this is the one that really is the best map up the battlefield on the day of the battle. you will kind all kinds of maps that involves bluff. some of them that appeared in newspapers not too long after the battle those are all secondhand drawn by journalists or i knew somebody who's there and this is what it looked like it was round it was square was rectangular dime in all kinds of shades the size of the field changes on depending whose writing anywhere from two acres to 20 acres, this map however it's the map of the battlefield on the day of the battle. this was drawn by captain william frances parton commanding company. bartlett was on the field from before dawn until after dark. he was not under fire until mid afternoon so he had plenty of opportunity to see the field and he jew this map three days after the battle included in a letter this map is accurate. of with the battlefield look like you can figure that out from other sources because the with this field look like. so we always l

it's called the gettysburg pike. the third map, this is the one that really is the best map of the battlefield on the day of the battle. now, you'll find all kinds of maps that purport to be of the battlefield in ball's bluff. they come, some of them that appeared in newspapers not too long after the battle. those are all secondhand, drawn by journalists who somebody said, i was there or i knew somebody who was there and this is what it looked like. the shape of the field is all over the place. it's round, it's square, it's rectangular. it's a diamond. it's all kinds of shapes. the size of the field changes depending on who's writing about it, anywhere from 2 acres to 20 acres. this map, however, is the map of the battlefield on the day of the battle. this was drawn by captain william francis bartlett, who commanded company "i" of the 20th massachusetts. bartlett was on the field from before dawn until after dark. he was not under fire until midafternoon. so he had plenty of opportunity to see the field. and he drew

still, wilson very much represented this white supremacist view of reconstruction, his speech at gettysburglked about, attempted to make the war not about slavery but about mutual regional courage. and so, in all of these instances, wilson failed interestingly to do something that he himself laid out. he was a political scientist. he had described the presidency as -- the president as having the capacity to be as big a man as he can. that's an interesting phrase. and yet we can also see, and we're seeing it now, that a president can also be as small. >> yeah. well, and we often leave out the fact that his daughter's recording of the star spangled banner is why that song became the national anthem ultimately. i think it took another 20 years for congress to go along with it. but he did that, too, because he liked the way his daughter recorded that song. i think a lot of people forget the star spangled banner was not born with the united states. it came from him. but on the spanish flu, the misnomered spanish flu, the thing wilson did that is reminiscent of what trump is doing is he hid the g