we will cover those rulings on the c-span networks are gloria browne-marshall, thanks for your help today. >> thank you. >> the american enterprise institute held a daylong conference on student financial aid on monday. next, government officials and education experts on the history of student aid policies and how they evolved through the years. this is about 90 minutes. >> good morning, everybody. it's two minutes after nine. i want to give us on schedule. i'm andrew kelly, resident scholar here at the american enterprise institute and the founding director of the center for higher education reform. and i'm thrilled have you on behalf of my colleague and coeditor, sara goldrick-rab, professor at university of medicine wisconsin. we want to welcome you to reinvented financial aid, the trillion dollar question. we are thrilled to have you all the. we have a great lineup of authors and discussants. the papers are outside, nine new pieces of research on reforming financial aid and the opportunities to do so, the obstacles that stand in way, and said interesting new ideas how to make these pr