but he facilitated gorbachev's efforts. he supported gorbachev's efforts. he humanized his own policies. he was willing to connect with gorbachev and willing to encourage americans to connect with him. if he mobilized for more pressure and more force in the early '80s, he shifted direction, used the legitimacy he had as a hard liner, to sell a soft line to americans, to sell americans on working with gorbachev, to sell americans on the need to get beyond their own fears. reagan made americans feel stronger again, but he convinced them to use that strength to reach out. it was reagan's willingness to reach out, his restoration of american confidence and his use of that confidence to encourage more cooperation. you see great leaders are leaders who use strength and achievement to encourage cooperation in humanitarian activities not to encourage bullying and continued conflict. and reagan used the strength that he felt he had built in american society to then encourage cooperation and that's what i was feeling on the street of new york that day. the desire and

gorbachev. the first is that he might succeed. he might be able to revive the soviet war, and therefore the geographic and political themes might not have changed. and also, that a coupe might have been launched against him. so we would have expected the stalwarts in his country or throughout the soviet wower, and we would expect them to rebel against anyone trying to take away their power. george bush gets a mem hoe on the desk in the first week, and it says that we expect any moment a military coup against gorbachev and he receives the memo every week for the next 2 1/2 years, until it is look like it might actually be true. and he receives this memo, because everything that they were doing for the last eight years might come crashing down, because they had moved too fast. this is the third one, and it is that gorbachev is promising a home where they are no longer feared and europe is going to be forever peaceful, and you know what is the problem with the architecture? there is no american win

mikael gorbachev, a new generation of leader. a new person who promised not just to build a better society, but to reform soviet society. and do what reform soviet society from the bottom up through programs like glass announced and prestrike of. and it would appear to american isis, to american ice, as though gorbachev and the russian restructure -- response was a direct response to what reagan had said. if you believe that, you are fundamentally wrong. most people in this room probably believe that. there are two points i will make in which i will get many angry stares back. this is the first one. only the second one as a surprise. we in this country have a notion that ronald reagan won the cold war. in fact, that is usually the word that we use. he won. he won the cold war by calling out the soviets, recognizing the inherent flaws in their economic and social system, and straining them. by launching in arms race that would show the soviets they could not keep up. if they can't keep up, then they will surrender. that was reagan

reagan reaches out his hand and gorbachev does too. and they begin this dance of opening up the possibility of change. and then, because he is constitutionally allowed to, he retires. can't blame him for that one. leaving george bush to take over. at this moment therefore, where we have fundamental enthusiasm for democracy around the world, breaking out all over, and yet his policy makers are telling him, we are fundamentally scared, because we have not seen tectonic changes like this in the international system since the 1930s. and we all know what happened next. how do we keep from going down that road again? in fact, they put in push's mind, something that was already there but crystallized it in january that the real fear from gorbachev, well, there was actually three fears about gorbachev. the first is that he might succeed. he might be able to revive the soviet union, and renew a cold war, assuming that the geographic and political themes might not have changed. and also, that a coupe might have been launched against him. because

gorbachev�*s main aim was to get soviet troops out of afghanistan. first replaced karmal with a new leader, mohammad najibullah, the former head of the hated secret police. he also agreed to peace talks. the united nations peace talks in geneva began in 1986, aiming to end the war. americans wanted mujahideen involvement. the soviets insisted the communist afghan government remain. the soviets insisted on supporting the afghan communists, which was then president najibullah, and then they would continue supporting with food and weapons. so the americans had turned around and said if you're going to do that we're going to continue supporting the afghan mujahideen. so, ok, you leave and the afghan mujahideen and the afghan communists will continue fighting each other, this was essentially it. so geneva didn't bring peace, i mean, there was no illusion about that. geneva was not going to bring peace. it was only a cover basically for the soviets to leave. on february 15, 1989, the last soviet troops left afghanistan. the soviets left behind them a count

and when he had gorbachev up to the ranch here he is driving -- that's actually gorbachev riding shotgun reagan is driving. when he was behind the wheel of his jeep he wanted to get off the road because this man had not driven in eight years so you just didn't trust his driving really. the head of the secret service detail looks a little nervous in the back seat, but the president looks like a little kid at the steering wheel so excited to be behind the wheel of the car. when gorbachev was going to be coming up to the ranch president reagan asked me if i would get a gift for him and decided he wanted to give him a stetson cowboy hat. he joked tongue in cheek saying it may be tough to find one in his size since he has such a big head. gorbachev had just been named final magazine man of the year, i didn't know whether he went that figuratively or literally but it turned into a worldwide quest to figure out what size cowboy hat does gorbachev even wear. couldn't exactly google it back in the day, i know now i sound really old, couldn't google that. so i had to stay late into the night to ca

that so when he had gorbachev up to the ranch, and here's gorbachev riding shotgun, and ronald reagan is behind the wheel of his jeep, and this man had not driven in eight years, so the he want to drive. and ahead of the secret service detail was a bit nervous in the backseat, but the president was like a little kid at the steering wheel. so excited to be behind the wheel of the car. and when gorbachev was coming up to the ranch, that president reagan asked me if i would get a gift for him and decided he wanted to give him a stetson cowboy hat.. and he said it may be difficult to find one in his size because he has a big head. he had just been named gorbachev admit named man of the year by time magazine. so it was a joke. and then i had to figure out what kind of and what size hat was gorbachev going to wear? and i could not google it in those days, so i had to stay late into the night to call his office in moscow the next morning, and throughout several series of phone calls and faxes, i finally got a russian hat size, but had to convert it into a western that size.. and i was wonder

the impact of gorbachev became in, but gorbachev was the first one to recognize the soviet economy was going the opposite direction. the opposite. i could see that reagan by using our ability to invest in the strategic defense initiative was the maximum leverage and gorbachev was saying i don't even want to do research audit. but he knew the soviet union could never match that. my research and that being at a book that came out in january 89 so reagan was right. he saw that country is going bankrupt. not just economically morally as well. clutch i was on the plane back who just like the tax because he said no for time, newsweek the whole world was about to make in the great peacemaker and he said no i'm going home to nancy. the only two people on the plane that were happy, i don't know about reagan but it was me and pat began. we knew what happened. i think for different reasons you are happy. >> know i said mr. president, everybody wanted the treaty. let me tell you something he rented their under eyes were filled with tears i couldn't believe it, you have done what the american peopl

. >> i was and we used to laugh that people would say gorbachev is bound to fall from power. thank you but when was the issue? because a general sense that things are going bad have not enough. people knew that infrastructure, political, economic, social of the soviet union was weak. i went to the soviet union for the first time in 1979 to study language. i was there for an extended period of time. i remember thinking i had this image of the soviet military and i remember going to a store to booir something for my family and they were doing the computation of the prices on an abica and i hadn't seen once since second grade in burmingten, alabama. and you start to get a sense that something is wrong there. i think soviet specialists knew the infrastructure was weak. it took a true believer in marxist ideology that it could triumph over the fact that people were astonian and ukrainian, and took somebody, gorbachev, tried to reform it and then it collapsed. i can tell you, still in 1990 -- the soviet union collapses in december 1991. in the falloff 1990, i don't think anybody th

meanwhile in moscow, the soviet union had a new leader, mikael gorbachev prepared to embark on a programmee soviet union. 100 �*s main aims was to get soviet troops out of afghanistan. he first replaced karmal with a new leader, the former head of the hated secret police. he also agreed to peace talks. the united nations peace talks. the united nations peace talks in geneva began in 1986, aiming to end the war. americans wanted mujahideen involvement. the soviets insisted the communist afghan government remains. the soviets insisted on _ government remains. the soviets insisted on supporting _ government remains. the soviets insisted on supporting the - insisted on supporting the afghan communist, which was then the president, and then they would continue supporting food and weapons and outcomes the americans at tehran said if you would do that, we will continue supporting the afghan mujahideen. the afghan mujahideen. the afghan mujahideen and the afghan communist would continue fighting, this was essential. geneva did not bring peace, there was no illusion about that. it was only a cover

by expanding nato, define the promises that were made to the time president gorbachev, that nato would not expand beyond the borders of the re, unified germany. and i think we can't discount that while the wars and afghan a stand and iraq have been harmful to us policy harmful to us, her gemini and power. it has been quite lucrative for the weapons industry is stocks of quadrupled. and i think that there is a kind of a driving force where these corporations are making billions and billions of dollars by embracing an expansion of the american footprint. yeah, well, he said he didn't want a cold war. we heard him say the general assembly, but we're waiting to see us both chris hedges from all these on contact. thank you . this is, i'll say, all the way a 3rd russian man faces charges in britain over alleged involvement in the 2018 script poisoning saga among all stories still ahead of the break. ah rather driven by shaped by those with the in the me there's thing we dare to ask me. ah ah, me the the central russian city of her mid morning, the victims of a mass shooting at its top univer

she does understand that with gorbachev, he potentially had a partner who could work with him on this. she is absolutely relentless in pushing for this cabinet. she was a lot more willing to trust the soviets then a lot of us were because she had a lot of faith in her husband's ability as a negotiator. >> certainly the most married couple that i have ever known. >> the two are inseparable in my memory just as they were in real life. it if ronald reagan had owned a shoe store, my neighbor once wrote, nancy wichman tapping pushing shoes and working the register. >> this year commemorates what would have been nancy reagan's h birthday. >> nancy reagan was a wonderful human being and a true american. her years as a first lady, her grace, her poise will always set the standard for first ladies for generations to come. >> it was through her revolutionary campaign against drug and alcohol abuse that millions of americans learn to just say no. so behalf of america, happy birthday mrs. reagan. >> so nancy, in front of all of your friends here today let me say thank you for all you do. thank yo

and i knew as his secretary of state knew that we had a lot of business still to do with mikhail gorbachev who was president of soviet union at the time and his foreign minister edward chevrolet nazi, so we didn't rub their noses in it. i mean we were very restrained to the point that president bush was criticized roundly. for not showing more emotion at the fall of the wall after all we had been in the cold war. situation with showings for over 40 years the war had ended we had won. why weren't we celebrating when we were celebrating because we didn't want to stick it in their eye since we had a lot more a lot a lot more things we needed to get done. and i think that would be one good example. so after you've walked in your adversary or your counterparts shoes and empathize and before you get to the table, then you get to the table. and it's time to start the actual horse trading as right in, texas. so what do you think in order to be able to strike a deal you talk to a minute ago about not viewing it as a zero-sum game you talk about yourself many times about the importance of pragmatism

global impact unlike anything we've ever seen and on the point we go from ronald reagan saying mister gorbachev wall to this president playing a mother may i game with the taliban and not taking opportunity to take control of kabul and the airport to get us out in a safer manner and here's a list of americans in your country and we trust you. it is not ignorance. i don't know. i don't want to get too drastic but it is beyond ignorance and i think it is frightening. jillian: a few seconds left before we let you go i was reading an article in the washington examiner talking about veterans affairs suicide hotline inundated with calls the last few weeks and family members serve even though you don't go overseas you are still serving because you are still sacrificing so much for those families out there, those veterans out there everybody out there who is going through this what do you say to them? >> a difficult time. we are here to help service members, 80% of suicides are relationship related, no fault of the relationship but they need a safe place and let's be realistic, any spouse right now is

gorbachev, tear down this wall, and history's proven reagan was right. joe biden and the democrats who wanted the nuclear freeze were demonstrably wrong. where would we be if their argument prevailed? that's a hard truth well told. it's republicans, not democrats, who've spoken up reliably and for freedom at home and abroad, freedom to travel and trade, freedom from oppression of high taxes, union abuses, and excessive government regulation. the freedom to worship and the freedom to believe. the freedom of opportunity with so many of these other freedoms depend on. those freedoms have helped america become what it is at its best, a strong, compassionate nation where individuals are allowed to make their own decisions and to succeed like they could nowhere else in the world. over and over it's been republicans who've spoken up for our essential freedoms. a hard truth well told. it's republicans who have told the truth about fiscal responsibility, not always a cheery topic. while democrats sought political advantage from spending more and more. we've been

gorbachev tear down this wall. the reason i think of that as it strikes me a moment of real leadership. they told him over and over again you cannot say that. you must not say that and he said it. he simply did it and there were some blowback and then it was over and he's recognized as a hero and people tremble because when you have a leader like that a leader like that can defeat communism and defeat the evil totalitarianism that was in the world of the soviet empire. it seems to me that individually we used to have a class that americans who live like that and the reason we are all where we are is because most people today i think would say the folks at foggy bottom can't -- say i can't say this so i better not say. what you think has changed fundamentally and let me say it is 50 years of hollywood singing a different song. we don't have john wayne films but we have a different kind of film and that has had up powerful point of what people think it means to be american. >> the decline of religion there were these

but when mikhail gorbachev came to power and instituted his policies of greater openness known as perestroika and glasnost -- were finally allowed to emigrate in greater and greater numbers. however, a soviet policy became more liberalized there are chances for coming to the united states became more restricted. because the immigration and naturalization service the ins now argued that the -- could no longer claim persecution because the soviet union was easing up on its restrictions of the jewish population. so the reasons why the wanted to emigrate were slowly starting to evaporate. and it was american jewish groups who passionately advocated on behalf of the soviet refuse next and it was these groups that reminded the bush and the clinton administrations of their obligation to accept those who had once been at the center of foreign policy negotiations, and it was this passionate advocacy on the part of american jewish groups that facilitated the entrance of over 358,000 former soviets most of them -- from 1990 to 1998. but here are some other examples. following the 1989 tiananmen square m

gorbachev, tear down this wall. and there's relationship in this. at foggy bottom told him over and over and over again, you cannot say that. you must not say that. and he said it. in other words, he didn't listen to them, even though they tried very, very hard. he simply did it. there's some blow back and then it's over and then he's recognized as a hero, a leader and the demons tremble because when you have a leader like that, a leader like that can defeat communism, can defeat the evil totalitarianism in the world, the soviet empire. it seems to me that individually, we used to have a class of americans who understood that and kind of lived like that. and that the reason we are where we are is because most people today, i i think, would say, well, if the folks at foggy bottom say i can't say this, i better not say it. what do you think has changed fundamentally? and i guess let me say, i think it is the 50 years of hollywood singing a different song. we don't have frank cappa films or john wayne films, we have a different film that exalts the ant

he explores reagan's domestic policies as well as his relationship with soviet leader mikhail gorbachev. >> discovering the taping system. was it lucky or inevitable, is what we're looking at in this sixth lecture. the nixon taping, the whole story of the nixon tapes, has been only partially told. it's taken me years to gather and find out what happened. since it's one of the most important factors in the watergate story, i think it's important to get that history straight. and we're going to try to do that in very summary fashion today. before i start, though, i would like to remind you that other presidents did tape, starting with franklin roosevelt, who used -- when they first went to talky movies and they had a soundtrack, he had a system that was put in the oval office that recorded. i'm going to try a very, very quick sample -- oops. let me go back -- a quick sample of roosevelt taping. let me go back. [ inaudible ] [ inaudible ] . >> all right you. get a sample there. let me give you -- that's kind of an amazing -- when you think somebody today, when we have cellphones, talking a

he explores reagan's domestic policy as well as his relationship with gorbachev. >> okay, to our firstde if we could. here we have ronald reagan.

gorbachev, tear down this wall. the reason i think of that is it strikes me as a moment of real leadership in that the folks at foggy bottom told and over and over and over again you cannot say that, you must not say that. and he said it. in other words, he didn't listen to them even though they tried very hard and simply did it. there's some blowback and then it's over and then is recognized as a hero and a leader in the demons trouble because when you have a leader like that, a leader like that can defeat communism, can defeat the evil totalitarianism that was in the world of soviet empire. seems to me individually we used to have a class of americans who understood that and to live like that and that the reason where we are is where we are as because most people today i think would say if the folks at foggy bottom say i can't say this, i better not say it. what do you think has changed fundamentally? i guess let me say, i think it is the 50 years of hollywood singing a different song. we don't have frank capra fi

gorbachev and i both agree on the desirability of freer and more extensive personal contact between thes. >> we began to realize that the best way to get a message to a foreign leader was to have the president go in the rose garden and make a statement because everybody was watching cnn. >> cnn was a breakthrough. it changed the whole world. >> it changed quickly. the network news business. that business that we weren't the only ones. and it was hard. you know, it's hard to be on the top little perch and have to come down off it. >> on "special segment" tonight, the network news. the first in a two-part series on the profound changes taking place in television news. changes being brought about by business, competition and technology. >> there were a variety of reasons why people who worked at the broadcast networks were freaked out in 1980s. one of them was cnn and the rise of cable. another was being taken over by foreign entities in corporate america. >> new owners spent billions buying the networks recently, and all of them want their money's worth. >> people began to find out that n

gorbachev, tear down this wall!d as impossible to ignore as a gigantic traffic accident. >> the nation was captivated by it. >> i don't know who to believe. only god knows. >> it got crazy in a hurry. >> youhave to let the witness get through the door. >> it was scandalous, it was gossip, it was sex. >> i am in no way using this to promote myself. >> jessica hahn was quite attractive, and she was on tv relentlessly. >> cameras are rolling. okay, your name is? just kidding, we know who you are. [ laughter ] >> jessica was this centerpiece of a media storm she was unprepared to handle. >> i saw her come out of her house and face that media crowd. >> it's going on two months, and it should be over with. >> and there was nobody there for her. nobody. and i hate that. >> i think that her mother and dad would serve her well to tell her to lay off the tv, lay off the front page. >> i feel very, very sorry for jessica hahn, because her reputation was dragged through the mud. when in fact, she was the victim. >> and how does