and so the net effect was to channel my gratian away from el paso and san diego into the sonoran desert and through arizona. prior to 1993-1994, the arizona senator was a complete backwater. to have that insignificant immigration into arizona since the 1920s. a number of crossings that occurred along the arizona portion of the border was fairly small. so as you can see the effect of the militarization was to, in fact, shift the points of border crossings. it increased the likelihood of crossing with the coyote. you see the raw trend predicted from the border enforcement effort, the dashed line. people always use a lot of border crossing guides to come into the united states, but what the administration did, it turned into the very common thing into a one of% thing for everybody not crosses with border crossing guides were as back in 1970 was only about three quarters cross with crossing guides. it also dramatically increased the cost of border crossing, change it from about an average of about $500 in real terms through the late 1980s and then accelerating up into 2010 when we cut off t

benefits and barriers that we can remove to increase and enrich our capacity to get the value of in the gratian one of the things i know my colleagues at usc and urban are interested in exploring is figuring out what are the things that were, what are the things that help to ensure the immigrants that come here are able to take advantage of the richness of this and are able to contribute back to our economy and to the communities they live in. particularly by looking at that in places i think and sort of looking at it city by city and state by state and finding where the best practices are where we are able to help make sure the potential described in the report is achieved and that we can avoid some of the cost that so many people seem to fear. with that, i want to thank everybody for sending your patience this morning. i hope you found it an extra ordinary conversation. thank you for being with us and your encouragement in this work and thank you to everyone who work for three years hard on the national economies panel and to their contribution to this discussion. thank you. [applause]. >> c-