the faster speeds we're seeing in greenland are not going to slow down. that is not the way ice sheets behave. >> reporter: the melting accounts for 20% of sea level rises in the past two decades, according to the study adding 11 mm, it doesn't sound like much, until you consider it is like pouring in 26 lake tahoes. antarctica and greenland are the vastest reservoirs of ice on the planet all told they hold hundreds of feet of sea level rises >> reporter: that is the worry, many of the world's cities are in the cross hair. >> most of the people live in the coastal areas, where the ports are. they are at sea level. so even small level rises can displace many in those areas. >> reporter: look at what happened on the east coast, this could be the impact of five feet of sea level rises, and could impact others in just a few centuries. today, new jersey and new york are still recovering from the punishing effect of sandy, a storm fuelled by higher seas. in greenland, this photographer used time lapse cameras to record the melting five years ago. >> i want to s

the cores from greenland date back over 100,000 years.he age of the ice is determined by counting bands which form seasonally. high density ice bands are typical of winter months, low density of summer. in deep ice, the bands are compressed together, making them impossible to see, so chemical methods, including carbon-14 dating, are used instead to determine the age of the ice. not all of the ice core analysis is done in the field. ultimately the samples are carefully packed and transported to several research institutions. one of the foremost centers for the study of ice cores is the state university of new york at buffalo. an important goal of this project is to determine the composition of gases trapped in the ice. in general, the content of nitrogen and oxygen in bubbles shows little change relative to our modern atmosphere. but the levels of such important greenhouse gases as methane and carbon dioxide rise significantly in bubbles trapped after the last ice age. scientists aren't sure whether the rise in greenhouse gases ended the i

. >> was the global warming when they were (inaudible) greenland and a cathedral there and i believe the maya moved from the lowlands to the highlands and the anastazi came down to the salt river. >> yeah, a lot of the movement was based on climate. the anastazi were always moving. the whole thing about the disappearing anastazi, you go to where they are living and they disappear all of a sudden. but you follow them and find, oh, 10 years later they are over here and 70 years later they are over here. they are often being driven by these climate changes which on the colorado plateau, very small changes make you go. if you lose one inch of precipitation in one year, you got to get up to the mesas where there's a little more rain and then when the frost comes in too early, you got to get down to the desert. around 1276 or so the water was running out, the seasons were no good, and i think they just looked at their trade routes and said let's follow these and go south. they were always getting pushed around by the environment. . >> okay, thank you, craig, so much. thank you for coming.

you have to get into was there a block i blocking high over greenland.gh this storm turning into the oceaocean. >> we've had 50 degree weather here in new york during this storm. i have never heard of a hurricane occurring in 50 degree weather. seriously, if people are thinking this is a freak accident of nature i think that is a sddangerous road to go dow. >> sapdy develops in the tropics. what should have happened it would have turned out to sea but that blocking high was there and turned it's back to the united states and the cold air gets sucked up into it and we have ourselves a superstorm. >> you mentioned that the sea ice in greenland is gone. melded. >> do you believe that science is -- >> absolutely. >> what do you say to them? >> these are the same people that say that adam and eve road on doinosaurs. let's say that maybe you are right, but do you want to take the chance that maybe you are not right. what is the harm in preparing or changing our way of life so that we don't dose trestroy the plan. if they are going to want the same thing that w

greenland will be single track between greenbelt and college park. >> when a manager needs to the fallen service members this battering the day starts tonight and go through tuesday. it will show photos of service members killed in action in world war ii korea vietnam, iraq, and afghanistan. >> in the weather this weekend? >> just fine. today is the next chance of rain in the area. in rockville, this area is out on the campus of montgomery college. but you do not see any clouds, do you? absolutely spectacular day. sunshine and the average high still around 61. done to the 40's already. at st. mary's, 46 at the county airport. 49 in manassas. 51 in gaithersburg. 54 in the district. three degrees shy of the average and other below average days. that will change going through the weekend. cooler weather to the north and low to mid for the's in new england. -- low to mid 40's in new england. the temperatures of today, a high of 58 for us. those brave little below average, but just to the west, a few communities are hitting above-average temperatures. tomorrow, a few degrees above average. on

however, this year, starting to look a little dramatic warming south of greenland is indicating blocking could impact this winter. warming in the water there promotes a negative nal. this type of set up would feature a stormier set up. so here's what the signals now tell me, january will be the coldest month this winter averaging five degrees below normal, a slight warm up in february, however the entire winter as a whole will be colder than normal. december will have a little snow but the most will come in january with a few surprises in february. my projection for this winter, 24.5 24.5 inches total of snow. >> wait a minute. >> i like pathetic, he said last year was pathetic it was a snow drau drought. not 77 ns like 2010, and 2009, but there's indication that the least amount we'll get is 12 inches and the most is 40 so i took middle ground. >> i don't like the 90. i thought it was a great report up the the last one. >> when is the early ys we could see? >> maybe thanksgiving week. . >> thanks for that report. >> thank you michael. >> we have not seen a beating this bat bad in baltim

then you have to get in to was there a blocking high over greenland because there is no sea ice up thereand that's another thing. without this blocking high -- >> let me bring michael back in. he is chomping at the bit. >> i want to ask you a question, we have had 60 degree weather here in new york this week during the storm. i have never heard of a hurricane occurring in 60 degree weather. seriously, if people thinking this is a freak accident of nature, i think it is a dangerous road to go down. >> yeah. sandy developed in the tropics and sometimes the latitudes don't get together. what could have and should have happened it would have turned out to sea and been a gutter ball. but that blocking high was there, turned back to the united states and the cold air gets sucked up into this thing and we have ourselves super storm sandy. >> in case anyone missed it, chad's last comment he mentioned this sea ice in greenland is gone this summer, melted. >> you believe the science is now inconthrowvertable? >> absolutely. >> when you hear republicans say the science is a lot of bunk, what do you

greenland looks like it is big, if up in africa. so, as things get turned around and given proportionally, i also included in that book of maps that just turns north and south america upside-down. what would happen if we looked at -- there's no reason we can look at it that way. north doesn't have to be a top. we could put south of the top who wanted to. >> host: we will have to leave it there. i apologize. out of time. kenneth davis has been our guest here on "in-depth". and whose investment of her family inheritance resulted in a net worth of close to $100 million which translates to about $2.5 billion today. dubbed the which of wall street for her often talk demeanor and for for a lifestyle she made her fortune going against the popular fortune of other investors. this is about half an hour. >> nice girls keep diaries. bad girls don't have time. [laughter] >> she was consumed by money. which is not so different than others. she was born in new bedford massachusetts to a classic family of merchants. in those days, will merchants f

question of how much what it depends on is how warm the climate gets and how quickly the ice in greenland and antarctica breaks off and falls into the sea. >> reporter: extreme weather with extreme price tags, becoming more commonplace. anne thompson, nbc news, new york. >>> and still ahead, is there a connection between pregnancy and the flu and autism? we'll have a look at one of the stories in the news today. >>> and later, how some of the war heroes spent this veteran's day, making a difference for people who could really use them right now. >>> we are back as promised with a reality check on a story that was in the news today. right as flu season arrives, a new study in the journal of pediatrics found that women who had the flu when they were pregnant were more likely to have a child later diagnosed with autism. we have asked our chief medical editor, dr. nancy snyderman, to put this in some perspective. >> we're putting it in perspective because it scares a lot of people. important study because this is out of denmark, covering over 96,000 children. and because of their homogeneous

in greenland, if on the fastest rate of change. the red areas are where the immelt has accelerated in the past 20 years. the blue areas are where the ice is getting thicker. is the red of rapid melting that dominates. >researchers have also combined their debt on antarctica. little has changed here. but one region to the red -- to the west is melting fast. and the leading scientists all agree. >> people have been confused in the past because there have been different messages over different time frames. we find that sometimes the ice sheets grow and sometimes they shrink. you need to be able to measure them over 20 years to get a true story. and the true story is that they have decreased. >> thank is have used all kinds of methods to measure them. -- scientists have used all kinds of methods to measure them. i was with this research teen. more recently come -- more recently, a satellite has joined the region. at >> this is the most definitive study so far because they have brought together findings from 10 satellite and all key res

. >> what it depends on is how warm the climate gets and how quickly the ice in greenland and antarctica breaks off and falls into the sea. >> reporter: extreme weather with extreme price tags, becoming more commonplace. anne thompson, nbc news, new yo york. >>> and still ahead, is there a connection between pregnancy and the flu and and civil. we'll have a look at one of the stories in the news today. >>> and later, how some of the war heroes spent this veteran's day, making a difference for people who could really use them right now. their name on the door, and their heart into their community. small business saturday is a day to show our support. a day to shop at stores owned by our friends and neighbors. and do our part for the businesses that do so much for us. on november 24th, let's get out and shop small. but i still have a runny nose. [ male announcer ] dayquil doesn't treat that. huh? [ male announcer ] alka-seltzer plus rushes relief to all your worst cold symptoms, plus it relieves your runny nose. [ sighs ] thank you! [ male announcer ] you're welcome. that's the cold truth!

. >> reporter: the researchers, including nasa scientists, say antarctica and greenland have lost nearly five trillion tons of ice since 1992, causing sea levels to rise by nearly half an inch. >> we didn't really know that we were going to find such a dramatic speed-up. >> reporter: nasa's erik ivins worked on the study. scientists say human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, is warming the atmosphere. >> each year, we're getting longer and longer melt seasons. this year, we had one of the longest melt seasons that we've ever seen. >> reporter: melting ice sheets now account for 30% of the rise in ocean levels, making flooding from storms such as hurricane sandy even more destructive. along the california coast, the ocean is expected to rise another three to five feet by the end of the century. 3.5 million confidential californians live within three feet of sea level. >> eventually, we will be consumed by higher elevation of the ocean. >> reporter: jefferson wagner is the former mayor of malibu. he said some beaches there have lost five to six feet of sand in recent years due to st

the size of new york is breaking away from that from that pole the same way that we saw in eyes in greenland an entire ice island break away two years ago that was the size of manhattan while that cabot what that catastrophe is taking place we have the republicans putting into office there guys lamar smith from texas now look you don't have to dig deep at all to understand who lamar smith is this is a guy who got seven hundred thousand dollars from the energy industry and they only asked get a little more to do one thing and that is to be the mouthpiece for the energy industry so what he's done is he's been the mouthpiece out telling the american public in telling the media a there's no such thing as global climate change that's where he started off and then he morphed into the fact well if there is something called global climate change it wasn't caused by fossil fuel and tom i think what's so upset about lamar smith being in that position he is the key guy in the science committee for the house of representatives in the greatest power in this country the united states of america now he's t

this is our greenland's video that the video came from one of the atm machines. as they drove around town using her atm code. the other suspect sat in the back seat and the the seven year-old victim was bound and gagged. he was not detected you was sitting with the-57 year-old. there is a prescription but there were both seemingly in their 20s. police to have a lead on their identity. >> the have gon by the named david and aubrey. but we do not know if that is correct.. or acuarate.. >> this new development has been released. they did not know the suspects but the suspects have plant this attacks, carefully >> we are still operating under the assumption that this was random. there is nothing that leads us to believe that she was targeted. on the other hand, there were some degree of pre-meditation based on how the victim was bound and gagged. and some of the masses that the suspects used to cover up their tracks. >> in walnut creek, kron 4 news. >> this strange and developing story silicon valley pioneer and a murder suspect john mcafee is still on the loose. we

. >>> a new study finds the ice sheet covering much of greenland and antarctica is melting fast and causing the ocean to rise. the findings are the result of 20 years of data. since 1992, the oceans rose 11 millimeters. a police officers act of kindness is now a global sensation. a tourist took this photo of the policeman buying shoes for a homeless man and putting them on his feet. he posted on facebook. it is now being shared, liked and commented on by hundreds of thousands of people. >>> very inspirational. wonderful anytime, especially this time of year. thank you very much. we are three days away from sunday night's live broadcast of cnn heroes. the annual salute to the top ten heroes of the year. this helps the honor rees do more to help each other. chef serrato, one of last year's top ten, is a perfect example. he's grown from feeding hungry kids living in motels to helping them and their families move into their own homes. take a look. >> who likes the pasta? >> me. >> reporter: every night, the chef serves free meals to 300 motel kids in anaheim, california. it's work that he was h

as we sit here this morning, we have 34 time lapse cameras at 16 glaciers in alaska, greenland, icelandntana, northern rockies and in appalled by mount everest. these cameras are just sitting there clicking away. and about another 10 minutes or so, we will have 34 of our little robot eyes opening and closing in capturing the memory of what is happening in those places right now. >> you initially put them in agreement, alaska, montana? >> and iceland to. >> in this clip from "chasing ice," you describe what you have documented that one of the glaciers. >> 1984, the glacier was 11 miles away. today it is back here, receded 11 miles. the glacier is retreating but also standing at the same time. it is like air being led out of a balloon. you concede the tram line, the high water mark of the glacier in 1984. the vertical change is the height of the interstate building. >> that is james balog in "chasing ice." >> these glaciers in south- central alaska, they are deflating due to a combination of climate change and local glacier dynamics. that glacier has retreated since that shot was taken, p

. >>> a new study released today finds the ice sheet covering most of greenland is melting fast and causinge. the findings are the result of 20 years of data. researchers say since 1992, the oceans rose 11 millimeters. >>> a new york city police officer's act of kindness is now a global sensation. a tourist visiting from arizona took this photo of the policeman who bought the shoes for a homeless man and is putting them on his feet. she posted it on facebook and it is now being shared and commented on by hundreds of thousands of people. an inspirational act of kindness. >> very inspirational. wonderful act of kindness. wonderful any time, especially this time of year. isha, thank you very much. >>> we are just three days away from sunday night's live broadcast of cnn heroes. an all-star tribute, our annual salute to the top ten heroes of the year. this special recognition helps honorees to do even more to help others. chef serrato, one of last year's top ten, is a perfect example. he's grown from feeding hungry kids living in motels to helping them and their families move into their own hom

he has a lush greenland of the gold and we have our gold ever west which is the direction of home and the traditional american direction. he had been looking forward to spending christmas in benghazi and skiing in the al. s would be nice if neutrality laws allow or the italian. all were army vehicles have the wind shield removed to prevent reflected light from capturing the enemy's attention. it made driving challenges when the wind kicked up and the sand too which happened all the time. it was painfully so. the sigh violence of sand and wind against the face took him wack. when he his and mother had migrated home from vermont through the great hurricane that would be remembered as the long island express. they had dropped off the younger brother louis for the first year at saint paul in the rain. it had been raining for days. then returned to windsor, they were aware that the rivers were rising, and that flooding was occurring in western vermont. but that hadn't seemed eerie. flooding was a regular part of the changing of the season. the family had been anxious about the safety. but

time lapse video from greenland.he report says that country and antarctica are losing 344 billion metric tons of ice a year equal to the weight of more than a million empire state buildings. scientists say these findings are important because the melting is causing sea levels to rise, and that makes coastal storms, say superstorm sandy, worse because of the massive flooding that's caused. [ male announcer ] this december, remember -- what starts with adding a friend... ♪ ♪ ...could end with adding a close friend. ♪ the lexus december to remember sales event is on, offering some of our best values of the year. this is the pursuit of perfection. with his wife, danielle, almost every weekend. derrell hasn't been able to visit his mom back east in a long time. [ shirley ] things are sometimes a little tight around the house. i wasn't able to go to the wedding. [ emily jo ] since derrell couldn't get home, we decided to bring home to him and then just gave him a little bit of help finding his way. ♪ [ laughs ] [ applause

earlier this year an iceberg twice the size of manhattan actually broke off of greenland. this is intensifying, and we just basically have to change course or else what we're going to see, what we're seeing here is going to be repeated over and over and over again. this is $50 billion, perhaps, in damages. that's an extreme weather tax that's going to have to be paid rather than trying to avoid the worst consequences, which would be a much better pathway. >> there are other politicians who have brought this up. let me play a couple clips from the last few days. >> anyone who says there's not a dramatic change in weather patterns i think is denying reality. i would like to say that this is probably the last occurrence we will have. i don't believe that. >> what is clear is that the storms that we've experienced in the last year or so around this country and around the world are much more severe than before. >> so if this is just the start, if it's going to be more of the same, what is your priority short term, and what do we need to be looking at long term? >> well, the ame

greenland looks like it is big, if up in africa. so, as things get turned around and given proportionally, i also included in that book of maps that just turns north and south america upside-down. what would happen if we looked at -- there's no reason we can look at it that way. north doesn't have to be a top. we could put south of the top who wanted to. >> host: we will have to leave it there. i apologize. out of time. kenneth davis has been our guest here on "in-depth". . . >> your internet is 20 times faster uploading and 10 times faster downloading. all these other countries understand a fundamental principle. in the 19th century, canals and railroads were the key to economic growth as industrialization came along, and you had to move heavy things like steel. as the 20th century came along, it was highways, the interstate highway program, for example, and airports that were crucial to economic growth. now it's the information superhighway, and what does the industry say? oh, don't call us that anymore. >> best selling author dav

it is happening and it is happening in antarctic and greenland but how do you stop it?art: i don't know but i tell you this. this evidence, hard evidence will be used by the obama administration to say we have got to do something, look at hurricane sandy, we have got to do something, look at the icecaps, we have got to do something and a carbon tax will bring in money which is exactly what they want. >> he will leverage a mass delusion, connecting the dots, when you mention the hurricane we have fewer hurricanes making landfall now -- liz: the cap and trade system has a favor factory in europe which is rife with corruption. we have seen that time and again with cap and trade systems. stuart: forbes says 11 states are in a death spiral, billions in debt, no end insight, ill. no exception. what is the state's answer to the fiscal crisis? a video featuring a cartoon snake to explain the pension crisis. that is next. stuart: president obama is leaving the white house heading to pennsylvania speaking at a plastics factory near the adelphia pitching his plan to raise taxes on

when eric the red left iceland and greenland the reason he had to leave again was because of the littleve got a joke on this one. stuart: we have snapshots of the economy breaking the latest on the manufacturing sector and the housing industry, new at 10. it's a dead heat five days out. who is really leading in the swing states. [ male announcer ] you are a business pro. monarch of marketing analysis. with the ability to improve roi through seo all by cob. and you...rent from national. because only national lets you choose any car in the aisle... and go. you can even take a full-size or above, and still pay the mid-size price. i'm going b-i-g. [ male announcer ] good choice business pro. good choice. go national. go lika pro. ♪ >> new at 10. two more significant snapshots of the economy, the manufacturing and housing sectors, two big numbers coming to you in just a matter of seconds, we'll have them for you momentarily, i promise. and check out the big board, this is a rally, ladies and gentlemen, and the dow industrials are now up 125 points, and that puts the dow above 13,200. all rig

we started in 2007, right now, 34 time-mark cameras, greenland, alaska, glacier national park.r long record. there's a photograph taking every half hour of daylight right now, collecting all this evidence. >> how did they survive the weather that long? >> that's one of the tough parts. we're dealing with temperatures, minus 30, minus 40, for months at a time. really high winds. often, these cameras are getting pounded by 100-mile-an-hour plus winds. it was a project to try to engineer this stuff to keep it to work. i think of it as my r2d2s out there working. >> he to build the custom supply and cameras. because nothing existed. >> so if some moron comes up like me and asks you, why? what's the answer? why are you doing this? >> why are we doing this? everybody keeps asking us why does it matter if the ice is melting, the glacier's melting. we saw that, because of the climate range, because of glaciers melt, because of rising sea levels, we're going to see more events like sandy. we're trying to show individuals this isn't a far away concept. it's hard to imagine change. it's l

. >>> scientists report the mile thick ice sheets that cover greenland and antarctica are melting.ost tons of ice in the last 20 years raising the sea level by 7/16 inch. >>> thursday night football action. falcons in atlanta. they got off to a 17-0 lead before the saints scored a single point. atlanta defense had a good night. five interceptions. falcons go on to win it. they are now 11-1 on the year. atlanta could clench the nfc south if they lose to denver on sunday. >> all right. she's bruised, but not broken. coming up, inside lady liberty for a look at the damage left behind by sandy to see what needs to be done to get this american icon back up and running. dermatologist recommendedcer ] aveeno has an oat formula, now proven to build a moisture reserve, so skin can replenish itself. that's healthy skin for life. only from aveeno. make a wish! i wish we could lie here forever. i wish this test drive was over, so we could head back to the dealership. [ male announcer ] it's practically yours. test drive! but we still need your signature. volkswagen sign then drive is back. and

. >>> scientists say the ice covering greenland and antarctica is melting fast er than originally thoughtfive times faster than in the 1990s. all that melted ice has caused global sea levels to rise nearly half an inch in the past decade. >>> cyber bullying is every parents' fear. amanda todd how deadly online bullying can be. cyber detective. >> i've got a problem that needs to be fixed. >> what is it? >> i am being bullied online. >> i'll take the case. >> alex teaches kids how to defend themselves against cyber bullying and safely navigate the internet. director of woiredsafety.org. perry, this is the first time anyone is seeing this game. walk us through it. how does it work? >> the game teaches kids how to spot, avoid and address cyber bullying. they have to qualify as kids cyber detectives who help alex work out of the janitor's closet at the middle school learn how to help other kids being cyber bullied. 14-minute video where there's a bully in the machine and the kids have to join together to help fight it off and then they have to learn about who cyber bullies, how they cyber bul

. >> be like happy days, richie cunningham was shipped to greenland. >> he has a contract, right, michelleaying he wants out of his contract? is he saying he is so morally upset by the content of the show he's going to walk away, take the moral high ground or is he contractually obligated to appear on this program? >> that's a good question, christine. back in 2010, he signed a contract that guaranteed him $7.9 million for 26 episodes. that's two years. he also got a $500,000 signing bonus for that. so i'm not sure. there has to be some sort of morality clause. you would think. but then again, sharly sheen was the star of the show for so long. so, yeah, i'm not really sure if he will be able to get out of it or walk away. chuck lorre, the creator of the show, has been known to be outspoken. >> this is not a shock when you have someone who is, in essence, new to their faith all of a sudden begins to study the bible, take a look at their faith. >> is he new to his faith, do you know? >> in terms of the reference to bible studies. as a christian, husband of a pastor, you have a platform that

everest in nepal, cameras in iceland, greenland, canada, and alaska, and some other sites in france andolivia, where we work as well. we're up to nearly a million pictures right now and we have a gigantic archive of how the world has been changing as a consequence of climate change melting the glaciers. >> did you set out with this project knowing or expecting that you were going to see a pretty progressive retreating of glacial activity? >> what we have seen has been a complete shock. i really never expected to see this magnitude of change, this pace of change. it really is astounding. and every time we open the backs of the cameras, it's like, whoa, are you kidding me? this is what just happened? it's really quite extraordinary. >> this is the camera, and that's an interesting sight. this is the memory of the landscape. that landscape is gone. it may never be seen again in the history of civilization, and it's stored here. >> if the advancing and retreating happens all of the time, what makes what you witness here so different or so shocking? >> the advance in retreat has of course be

had been a huge amount of empirical evidence connected or collected, sorry, from antarctica and greenland actual record preserved in the ice of how the climate was changing. and then when i went to iceland for the first time in 2005 and i saw how much those glaciers had retreated it was really kind of mind boggling. that's what set us off on the path that leads to us here today. >> we're looking at these pictures. we'll explain to people what they're saying. this glacier in iceland. you first saw it in 2006. three years later, which is not all that long when you look at the length of time this planet has been around, a heartbeat, look at what happened. there's the before. there's the after. three years? that's all that took? >> yes. it's actually quite -- it's incredibly mind boggling. over and over again when we open up the backs of our time lapse cameras and we download this pictorial record that we have, it astounds us to recognize how much has disappeared in these very short periods of time. and this is the tangible, three dimensional manifestation of climate change. it's happening ri

a new study finds ice sheet melting in greenland and an antarctica, more than 300 billion tons of glacialce are lost each year. the earth's sea level has risen eight inches since pre-industrialization times. >> that was a good read. you were overemphasizing a tad bit, but i like it. i'll give you some lessons. >> my posture, do i do this? >> you just want to be centered. you want to be strength, warmth, confidence is what you want to exude. you want to cluster some words so you don't bore people. >> i thought i was talking too fast. >> in my next life, i'm going to be a consultant and teach people how to truly learn how to communicate on television. >> that is great. >> you think that's what i should do? >> yes. >> should i make that career change right now? >> what would the hours be like? >> the hours would be a hell of a lot better. you wouldn't have to put on makeup and wake up early in the morning. with us now, chief white house spo correspondent with "politico," mike allen. >> don't forget, engage your core, very important. >> yes, engage your core, but not here. all right. a rising

greenland looks like it is big, if up in africa. so, as things get turned around and given proportionally, i also included in thatb

greenland looks like it is big, if up in africa. so, as things get turned around and given proportionally, i also included in that book of maps that just turns north and south america upside-down. what would happen if we looked at -- there's no reason we can look at it that way. north doesn't have to be a top. we could put south of the top who wanted to. >> host: we will have to leave it there. i apologize. out of time. kenneth davis has been our guest here on "in-depth".