soon trade between greenland and the mainland was thriving.for two centuries the norse colonies flourished. yet life in greenland was challenging to adapt the vikings turn to sheep farming which was more resilient against weather changes but which we've the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the climate underwent a radical change. ships became trapped in ice it became increasingly difficult to sail to homelands in europe to restock supplies. with time before it was tried to switch to hunting with little success. farming trade religion unsuited to this harsh environment the pillars of viking society felt one after another. many fled the island. those who stayed tried to adopt the customs of the innuit whose way of life was perfectly suited to this kingdom of ice but the vikings found it impossible to completely revamp their culture their beliefs their way of life everything was too far removed from the innuit. by the end of the fifteenth century nor society had completely vanished from greenland. as for the innuit they still inhabit the island

we are alreaeady observing and measuring a decrease in the amount of ice in the greenland ice sheet and the west antarctic ice sheet. now, the climate models have predicted that we shouldn't see that for many decades to come, and the key distinction here is if it's a land ice sheet, a land-based ice sheet, then when it melts, it actually contributes to global sea level rise. that's not the case for sea ice, but it is the case for the continental ice sheets, so the fact that we're already measuring losses of ice from these major continental ice sheets means that they're contributing to sea level rise faster, once again, than climate scicientistprojojected ththem t. there's a credible body of work now that suggests that if we continue witith business-as-usul fossil fuel emissions, than by the end of this century, we could see as much as two meters, 6 feet of global sea level rise. now, that would be catastrophic for many coastal regions. for the u.s. east coast and gulf coast, island nations around the world, some of which will literally be submerged by that amount of sea level rise. the

so he said, he said we must go to greenland. we must find out and discover what they are eating before the switch to the western diet. let us go! and so they went. and he is a good notetaker and he took all of his notes in this, this is his diary which i photographed. it is bound in sealed from 1970. and they went and measured everything. they went up, they, this is seal skins drying, seal meat drying in greenland. they measured their height, they looked at all sorts of things. but the thing that is of significance, they measured the fatty acid levels. they found they had extremely high levels of epa and dha omega-3 fatty acids. they then drew this hypothesis. not a theory or conclusion for correlation. where they said basically, they have a diet mostly oily fish and high-level omega-3 in their blood. indian people have low rates of cardiovascular disease. therefore omega-3 fatty acids prevent cardiovascular disease! is that true? well, no.it is an association. and there saw nothing wrong with it is done all the time and medical

is on is on these great greenlanders submitted it. your own drummers residence. for the for the u. anyway general sense and that is this is what he what he say about about ten attack [inaudiblele] i only. diesels restt rest to this s also known as a today [inaudible] during. takkan against them. in the city season because diamond i'm trying now now yeah. we president is. tension. in the fight against terrorism in. he is a long moment when i'. president johnson will harmonizing the city access and i and i just make sure. attention to the mountains in hong kong and ajga little hunting article for the clclient come home independt has a sense ban on guns extend down. independence in china. the technical and assess your read reedham painting tonight. in in in national tennessee found this message. influence on terry terry terrrry it's easier to anti [inaudible] seven and slim twenty eighteen incidents at all as long. as it is and it has been china the british. our son and willing willing. do you hate. told hong kong denton's but whole home because i like the idea of me holding on to me

also to be north of greenland the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising we must listen and see what is happening before our eyes. and add a greater sense of urgency. to guarantee the paris agreemen agreement, it has immense potential but that which represents the bare minimum with those race one - - recent negotiations with sufficient progress. and that is a key moment and for those that the good news is technology is on our side. if we pursue the right path of climate action and those policies to create 24 million new jobs. and they are finding green business is good business. and that action generating new industries. and less dependency on fossil fuel. so they need to be courageous ending billions of dollars of subsidies and establishing a fair price with unsustainable infrastructure our future is at stake climate change affects everything keeping the planets warming is essential. as a climate summit looking at the countries in the cities and to focus on the heart of the problem. and then to take place one year before and those pledges need to go for it - - fu

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost volume in recent decadesp story now — and that tropical storm florence, which is battering america's east coast, has already claimed five lives — including a mother and her baby. we'll cross live to north carolina in just a minute, but first let's have a look at how our colleagues at the american network cbs are reporting the impending threat of a storm surge. it apparently happens that the storm, it looks like it's heading just north of the beach, the high tide happened at midnight, there is 18 inches of rain which could lead to devastating flooding to this tourist mecca. now the focus is more on inland flooding west of here, most of north carolina's rivers flowed down into south carolina and there is worry that those flood swollen rivers could lead to devastation of the infrastructure, businesses and farms, it could cost south carolina billions of dollars of damage. extreme indeed. let's speak now to martyn gay, who's from the uk but who moved to wilmington in north carolina in 2015. that's the town whera a

thickestks ago, the and most solid sections of sea ice in greenland began to break up for the first time. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the highest in 3 million years. and, it is raising. worse, we as ars leaders,, and world are not doing enough. we must keep our best challenges challenges -- scientists and see what is happening before our eyes. we need greater ambition and sense of urgency. we must guarantee the implementation of the paris agreement, has immense potential to set us on the right course but targets, which represent the bare minimum of the worst impact of climate change are far from being met. i am concerned that recent negotiations toward limitation guidelines ended without progress. the next comes with the parties of 24 in poland this december will be a key moment. it must be a success, as i said thently, we cannot allow division among member states. the good news is technology is on our side3. clean energy is more competitive than ever. if we pursue the right path, climate action could add $26 billion to the global economy by 2030. green econo

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost volume in recent decadesor simon yates. it isa the end is in sight for simon yates. it is a brilliant weekend, historic because it simon yates does manage to do it, britain will have won the last five grand tour is a three in the same year with different writers, no country has ever done that. not only did he survive the climbing to andorra, he increased his lead. it is his for him to lose. as long as nothing goes wrong it should be a celebration. think positive! yates has a lead of one minute 38 seconds over his nearest rival in the overall standings after a dominant finish to stage 19. joe lynskey reports. simon yates wakes up this morning close to home, and close to history. he lives and trains in the hills of andorra. soon the red jersey might belong there. for all the hills climbed in spain, the vuelta a espana's destination would come down to the neighbours. but the welcome here is deceiving. stage 19 last 20 kilometres, would see them right up 1200 feet. stretching out the entire field, everyone is in

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost a volume in recent decades. no ice here, but let's have a look at the weather. we have seen lovely spells of sunshine a smiling across central and southern areas but thicker cloud further north and west. but will produce some showery outbreaks of rain from time to time. nothing significant until later on in the day. enjoy some sunshine, eastern scotla nd day. enjoy some sunshine, eastern scotland might still cling onto some breaks, and along with central and southern areas. temperatures will peak between 14—23 —. went to strengthen by the end of the day and it will push and heavier rain through northern ireland and into scotland. that will gradually drift south and east across the borders, nestling close to know the name and, north—west by dawn tomorrow morning. it will bring a contrast across the country, a north— south divide for the second half of the weekend. it will be a bit warmer in the south—east for the next couple of days with showery outbreaks of rain further north and west. hello, this is bbc news.

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost volume in recent decadeseen looking at a different satellite picture this weekend as we have tracked that hurricane along the east coast. he has been downgraded to tropical storm florence but it is still causing all kinds of damage along america's east coast and has claimed five lives including a mother and her baby. we will hear from a british man in north carolina injust the moment, but from a british man in north carolina in just the moment, but firstly lets hear how the american news outlets are responding to this dramatic emerging story. you have flash flood warnings throughout eastern north carolina, that emergency is a specific life—threatening. .. carolina, that emergency is a specific life—threatening... you have the flash flood warnings that happen further inland and then you get the river flood warnings because we have the indications that the rivers will come up. if you look at that track right now it is tracking over the centre of south carolina in two western north carolina. if you are on the ri

theice we've ever had, actually, to measure the ice sheets, to measure the height of antarctica, of greenlandh floats also in the arctic ocean. so, this particular device fires down about 10,000 shops a second. it's moving forward a shot every 70 centimetres. it's able to precisely measure the height of the ice to about a centimetre, less than a centimetre in fact. you may well say, what difference does a centimetre make if theice difference does a centimetre make if the ice melts that much? if you were to scrape a centimetre off, say, the antarctic, that's 140 to scrape a centimetre off, say, the antarctic, that's140 billion tonnes of water. that goes into the ocean and that bush is that sea levels around the world. some of the changes that are taking place around the earth really quite subtle. —— that pushes sea levels up around the world. you need precise tools to measure this and that is what this is all about. when will we start to see that comeback? they are just in the process of launching it into space, so it will go around the polls, and then they will have to check it out. the space

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean watera ice has lost two thirds of its volume since the 1980s. but the changes that are occurring are often quite subtle, and scientists see only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what's really happening. it'll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. jonathan amos, bbc news. by lee from me, s—400 year old painting has been returned to the polish national museum after being stolen during the second world war. —— finally from me. portrait of a lady was part of the collection from 1935. the fate of the artwork in the war is unknown, but it resurfaced in 2006. an american couple unwittingly bought the picture and were there to see the painting being handed back. a reminder of our top story the most powerful storm a recent time is heading to a south—eastern chinese province. typhoon mangkhut passed

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean waterwo thirds of its volume since the 1980s. but the changes that are occurring are often quite subtle, and scientists say only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what's really happening. it'll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. jonathan amos, bbc news. the actor dudley sutton, know for his role as tinker dill in the tv series lovejoy, has died aged 85. his other tv appearances included the bbc soap eastenders and channel 4 teenage drama skins. sutton served in the royal air force as a mechanic before enrolling in the royal academy of dramatic art. it's time for a look at the weather with alina jenkins. hello. things turn increasingly windy for many of us over the next few days, and that process has already begun across northern ireland and scotland, strengthening winds here overnight, s

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean watera ice has lost two thirds of its volume since the 1980s. but the changes that are occurring are often quite subtle, and scientists see only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what's really happening. it'll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. jonathan amos, bbc news. let's return to one of our top stories, florence battling —— battering the carolinas india knight estates. earlier we spoke to a resident of harkers island in north carolina and the director of the core sound water heritage museum. i asked her what the situation is like where she is. where i live was within 25 miles of the initial eye when it came by. it did not make landfall here but we were close enough to the eye that we felt over 100 mph winds and it is still raining. it started monday night and it's still raining. it

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean waterhas lost two thirds of its volume since the 1980s. but the changes that are occurring are often quite subtle, and scientists see only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what's really happening. it'll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. jonathan amos, bbc news. earlier, i spoke to professor helen fricker from the scripps institution of oceanography. she's a key icesat scientist who was at today's launch — she explained the significance of the project. icesat-2 icesat—2 is a laser auto transmission, sending a laserfrom space, 500 commentors above the earth's surface space, 500 commentors above the ea rth‘s surface and space, 500 commentors above the earth's surface and it will ounce off the surface of the earth all around its orbit. its primary mission is actually, its primary objective

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean watere often quite subtle, and scientists see only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what‘s really happening. it‘ll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. jonathan amos, bbc news. finally, a 400—year—old painting has been returned to poland‘s national museum, after being stolen during the second world war. portrait of a lady became part of the country‘s collection in 1935 before being looted. the fate of the artwork during the war is unknown but it resurfaced in 2006 after being sold at auction in new york. an american couple who had unwittlingly bought the picture were there to see the painting being handed back. you can reach me on twitter — i‘m @duncangolestani. hello. there‘s the potential for some turbulent whether in the forecast over the next few days and that is already making its pr

nasa's earth science division says the $1-billiomission will provide new data on how ice melt in greenlandnd antarctica is contributing to the rise of global sea levels. thch was the 100th and final flight of the delta two rocket. it is world clean up day. first started inia ten years ago, the event now takes place across the globe. in lebanon volunteers picked up litter along beaches. ina's prime minister narendra modi helped sweep and clean up trash at a new delhi school. and in nigeria volunteers picked up plastics at a beach in lagos which were packed and shipped to recycling companie >> sreenivasan: join us tomorrow for updates on the deadly weather here and in asia as rescue workers in the philippines continue to try to reach remote areas. anard in china, prions are underway as the typhoon approaches. that's all for this ition of "pbs newshour weekend." i'm hari sreenivasan. thanks for watching. have a good ght. cay ptioning sponsoredet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: d irene schwartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii.

at the bering straits goes up the other way and comes down through baton bay in newfoundland and greenland but that those going to be used of course march through september and they even during that time need icebreakers however there is the prediction with global warming and that's why a lot more as you say is going through the arctic with the prediction of global warming by twenty fifty they could be a route that goes literally straight over the top of the arctic. wow that sounds like a reality show to i can see them breaking through the ice and having the amorous on board and will be sixty that. now tell me about which companies are we talking about these big companies and what are the carriers to lose crude oil and they're carrying dry goods mostly crude oil natural gas liquefied gas the major companies of course most musk is a huge container company they carry like twenty thousand containers here one of these huge vast vessels but also costco because costco controls the supply chain and to end and also some of the china hold a holding companies and how much could this save them i mean

previous observations have shown that both antarctica and greenland are losing mass as warm ocean waterd scientists see only the most exacting measurement tools can tell us what‘s really happening. it‘ll be a few weeks before icesat is ready to start work. nasa is reassuring everyone that the laser cannot itself melt the ice its monitoring — but look up on a dark night and you mightjust catch a green dot passing across the sky. there‘s the potential for some turbulent whether in the forecast over the next few days and that is already making its presence felt across scotland, northern ireland, parts of northern england and north wales as this front works its way south and east overnight, bringing heavy rain and gusty winds. through sunday, the frontal system is running into an area of high pressure to the south of the uk. through sunday, it will weaken. the rain will tend to fizzle out and we will be left with a band of cloud and the odd spot of rain through the afternoon, stretching down through the midlands and south—west england. on either side, spells of sunshine. some patchy drizzle

study published in the earth and planetary science letters show using computer models that determine greenland and it's melting glaciers is one of the larger contribute is to the wobble but don't worry hop watchers the wobble isn't leading to a squabble turns out it it doesn't have any effect on agriculture or climate however it does must with navigational equipment but scientists say it's easy to adjust fares adjust for it does make you wonder why we aren't being more careful with the planet we are able to make wobble it's access just by doing nothing about climate change. well that's our show for you today i remember everyone in this world were not told or allowed to not so i tell you. keep on watching the hogs and have a great day and night everybody. it's hard to imagine the decades after the war a nazi doctor was still active rich in the nineteen seventies current intel had as the chair of its board a man convicted of mass murder and slavery at ash was a german company develops of the divide a drug that was promoted as completely safe even during pregnancy it turned out to have terrible s

the most solid, section of ice located north of greenland began to break up for the first time. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the highest in 3 million years, and it is rising. we as aatters worse, community of world leaders are not doing enough. listen to the earth's best scientists and see what is happening before our eyes. we need greater ambition and a greater sense of urgency. you must guarantee the implementation of the paris agreement. potential to set us on the right course. which represent the bare minimum to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, our far from being met. i am concerned recent negotiations in bangkok tour's implementation guidelines ended without sufficient progress. the next conference of parties of 24 in poland this december will be a key moment. it must be a success. as i said recently, we cannot to be reminded of the division of member states that paralyze copenhagen. the good news is technology is on our side. clean energy is more competitive. if we pursue the right path, climate action could add $26 billion to the glob

these belgua whales, they usually live in the arctic, he said maybe from greenland, how has it endedat it has lost track, and navigational error and taken a wrong turn and ended up here. it could be selling has disturbed it in the ocean, overhead water sounds that has pushed it in here. it could be any number of things, it is difficult for us to say because we don't really see belguas off the coast, there has only been around 20 reports of belguas before. what happens now? it has been in the water that would four hours, you hope it will swim away, what is the situation on keeping an eye on it and can help it on its way home? at the moment it is ina on its way home? at the moment it is in a natural environment that is not dissimilar to wear belguas to inhabit, these river streams, they are used to this kind of environment, the river tied, the river water quality and conditions. they are used to similar temperatures to hear. they are quite diverse animals, able to feed on a range of prey. actually it is in a natural environment that may not be its own, but is not dissimilar. because it

weeks ago the thickest and supposedly the most solid section of sea ice located in the north of greenland began to break up for the first time. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. is the highest in three million years and it's rising. making matters worse we as a community of the world leaders and their doing enough. we must listen to the earth's best scientists and we must see what is happening before our eyes and we need greater ambition and a greater sense of urgency. we must guarantee the implementation of the paris agreement. it has immense potential to set us on the right course but its targets. which represent the bare minimum to avoid the worst impacts of climate change are far from being met. i'm concerned that recent negotiations in bangkok. towards implementation guidelines ended without sufficient progress. the next conference of party s cup twenty four in poland this december will be a key moment it must be a success as i said recently that. we cannot allow. the chip to remind us of the divisions among member states that paralyzed copenhagen. the good news

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost volume in recent decadesnewborn spider monkey. these monkeys are among the 25 most endangered primate species in the world. they're in critical danger of extinction. this tiny primate, seen here clinging to its mother, was born at the san fe zoological park in colombia's second largest city of medellin. this little guy weighs just one kilogram. it's only the third spider monkey born at the zoo since 2012. the head of the organisation of american states has said that a military intervention to overthrow president nicolas maduro of venezuela shouldn't be ruled out. luis almagro was speaking to reporters in colombia the metropolitan police have charged former nevermind the buzzcocks host mark lamarr with common assault and false imprisonment. the tv personality and comedian was charged on 1 september in london and will appear at uxbridge magistrate's court on 2 october. labour's shadow chancellor, john mcdonnell mp has delivered a speech marking the ten year anniversary of the lehman brothers firm's collapse, wh

norway, orin modern in greenland, or the north atlantic is also extremely important for the arctic. having said all of this, i would like to highlight the following. , we havewe used to say tensions in the high north. i still believe it is important to try to keep tensions down there. , probablyy is that because this is a very vulnerable area for environmental reasons, we are also working together with russia at addressing some of the challenges in the high north. there's something called the arctic council. russia is a member. we work together with them on search and rescue and environment of cooperation, managing fish stocks up there. that there is not a contradiction between being strong but also seeing the potential for cooperation in the high north. up to thewill open audience. i will ask you to raise your hand. we have people with microphones. wait to get the microphone. identify yourself briefly. keep the questions brief. we appreciate that. we only have so much time here. let's get started. and the director of the foreign policy center here at the herita foundation. thank yo

these are the reasons the first troops were sent to the atlantic, to occupy new bases in greenland ande. in german hands, bases of offense. the germans opened unrestricted submarine warfare. >> if today the navy should make secure the seas for the delivery of our munitions to great britain, it will render as great a service to our country and to the preservation's of american freedoms, as it has ever rendered and all of its glorious history. >> we want those cargoes protected. >> congress repealed the entire neutrality act. we armed our merchants and for the first time, the steamed into combat zones to deliver lend lease. while this was going on in the atlantic, the japanese with an agreement of the government to defeated france, moved in on indochina. there were now only two threats to their plan for conquest of greater east asia. first was their northern neighbor russia. the only military power within striking distance of japan. the nazis were taking care of russia. the second threat to japanese conquest was us. expansion was too difficult to attempt with our bases still standing in

and at the same time we see for the first time this solid icecap between greenland and arctic was broken. we see things moving very quickly and we don't see enough political real to be able to have the ambition that is necessary to be able to control climate change. it is today probably my most important priority because this isn't just about the crisis in one place or another, this is the threat to the survival of our climate. >> which no doubt you will communicate to all the members. thank you for joining us. >> thank you very much. >> in a moment i will talk to the author khaled hosseini. he is a goodwill ambassador. and just written an ode to all of those who risked it all. first to this new story. it is now on contentious ground. after the president said that brett kavanaugh's accuser must be heard, republicans in congress are playing hard ball with her saying if she does not show up to testify on their appointed date, they will go ahead with confirmation. kavanaugh denies the allegations. her lawyer says she wants an fbi investigation to level the playing field. >> she has been dea

big ground-based radars like the one i helped run in greenland operate because they will see satellitesand they'll see missile launches and they distinguish by the trajectory of that object. meteors and meteorites are not in earth's orbit, they're in sun orbit and the earth is intercepting into that kind of asteroid feel. that's why every august you have the leonid and perseid meteor showers because they happen to be in that part of the earth. we do not typically track those, and as chairman or administrator brightenstein said there's a different set of capabilities that go after the large asteroids that need to be tracked. >> i can give you an unclassified example for the recent chinese one space station re-entry, we use that as an opportunity to test our level of integration across space on centers, including between cspock where all of our nations were using either compatible or independent systems and we were sharing with each other our predictions like you would on sort of the analogy of the passive hurricanes you see different models produce different outcomes. we were doing that

this is till skid drain in greenland. they measure their height, dated they did all sorts of things. but the significance that they did is that they measure their fatty acid level. he then drew this hypothesis. but a correlation. there is what he said basically. there is nothing wrong with it. there is chicken and then there is eggs. there could be some turkeys or quail. in order to kinda figure out whether something actually works then you have to do something called a randomized controlled trial. i would give you the actual fish oil and i would give you the placebo and we would watch you over time. we will do this with a vast number of subjects. in the early days there were randomized control trials the journalism in the american metal association. and what they found was these associations lead you in the wrong direction. an association study can leave you in a totally wrong place. the president lives in the white house therefore, i am the president. that doesn't really quite work. that's why they have to really try to

showing pictures from greenland a minute ago. i was up there helping them film.ve to say, it is sobering, even for someone who is worked as long on this as i have, to stand there and all must literally in real-time watch those glaciers disappear into the sea. that doinginder anything less than all we can do is not ok at this point. so that means we need governor brown to step up. if you want to do it, we need governor newsom after him to ststep up. and the same all over the world. another piece of good news came late last week when the senator from oregon, mr. merkley, introduced a bill in the senate that would divest the federal government's funds from fossil fuel. it obviously won't pass right now, but it is a marker kno lay down in this fight. amy: are you encouraged by the movement that has drawn strength from what president trump has done, this climate change to nine president, among other things? >> well, look. one of the problems with trump is he is done so many bad things that we have to work on so many things at once. standing up for immigrants may be th

you said it might have come from greenland. how has it ended up in the river thames?could be that it has lost track, navigational error. taken a wrong turn and ended up here. something could have disturbed it out in the ocean. underwater or overhead sounds. interfering with its navigation. it could be any number of things. it's difficult for us to save. we don't really see de lucas off the coast. —— we do not see belugas off the coast of this country. there have only been about 20 other. you are hoping it is going to swim away. can you help it on its way home? at the moment, it's in a natural environment not dissimilar to where it is known to inhabit. they are used to river estuaries and tides. the water quality and conditions. they are used to similar temperatures to hear. they are quite diverse animals able to feed on a range of prey. actually, it's in a natural environment. it may not be its own but it isn't dissimilar even though it is far from its own but it isn't dissimilar even though it is farfrom home. we are keeping an eye on it. we don't see them here which

antarctica, greenland and the ice floating on the arctic ocean have all lost volume in recent decadesbe able to measure how it has changed and what could happen in the future. that is the news this morning. prison staff say yesterday's protests outside jails across england and wales were called because of the "unprecedented violence" they face in jails. they've told horrific stories of being attacked by gangs of inmates, being spat at, and having urine thrown at them on duty. the protests are off for now, after the government agreed to talks on monday, but what are staff hoping to achieve? we'll ask the prison officers' assocation injust a moment, but first let's hear what the justice secretary david gauke had to say. it is completely unacceptable that prison officers face violence at the levels we have seen so we are working to deliver that, we recognise there is still more to do but we are absolutely determined to bring down the levels of violence in prisons and to ensure prisons are effective in delivering what they need to do. let's speak now to glyn travis, from the prison office

these beluga wales, if you say it may have come from greenland.... it could be something is disturbing it out in the ocean, some sort of overhead sounds that sort of pushed it in here, and interfered with its navigation. it could be any number of things. it's really difficult for us to say because we don't really see belugas off the coast. this only about 20 reports of belugas in uk waters ever. you have been keeping an eye on it today. what happens now? i think you're hoping it swims away but what of the situation with keeping an eye on it and checking if it's ok into any sort of help it on its way home? at the moment, it is ina its way home? at the moment, it is in a natural environment that's not dissimilar to her belugas are known to inhabit, these river estuaries, and they are used to these sort of environments. they are used to the conditions, similar temperatures to hear. they are quite diverse animals and feed on a range of prey, so actually, it's in a natural environment that may not be its own but is not dissimilar. because it's farfrom ho

precise tool we have ever had actually to measure the ice sheet, to measure the height of antarctica, greenlandoving forward a shot every 70 cm, and it's able to precisely measure the height of the ice for about a centimetre, less than a centimetre in fact. you may say well, a centimetre, what difference does that make it the ice melt that much? if you are to scrape a centimetre off of say the antarctic, that is iao billion tonnes of water and that goes into the ocean and that pushes up goes into the ocean and that pushes up sea levels around the world. so, some of the changes that are taking place on earth are really quite subtle and you need a very precise tool to do it, and that is what icesat-z tool to do it, and that is what icesat—2 is all about. tool to do it, and that is what icesat-2 is all about. and when will we start to see that data coming back? well, they're just in the process as you say at the moment of launching it into space so it will go around the poles obviously and then they will have to check it out. the spacecraft went up with a door covering its instrument, they will ha

the amazing creatures, as you said already, they usually live in the arctic, european, russia, greenlandea because they make really interesting noises and have a bizarre way of communicating. they are great animals to see them an opportunity for people of the uk to see this animal in the wild. hopefully before he gets safely on his way home, thank you very much for being with us. fighting her way toa for being with us. fighting her way to a bad communication to southhampton, but great to hear from her. one of the victims of the contaminated blood scandal that has claimed almost 3000 lives since the 1970s has called for those responsible to be prosecuted. as victims, families and lawyers made their opening statements at the inquiry into infected blood, the scottish government was heavily criticised for not being a key participant in the inquiry. accusations were also heard about attempts to destroy official documents. here's our health editor, hugh pym. thejudge heading the inquiry has clearly struck the right note with those present. good morning, all. applause sir brian langstaff has sa

would be true of indigenous way in northern communities and in the arctic for example and here in greenland to canada we're talking about indigenous training we're talking about not having those alternatives but iceland is a sub arctic climate so we have set of agriculture we have sheep horse cattle take our search in produced and mystically as well as of course vegetable and ice and it's quite welcome in fact it was transporting feels important lot of food ok good to get your perspective directly from me to understand exactly what it is like in iceland right along the johnston thank you for your time. there was an interesting edition of witness on waiting for to the episode itself is no longer available you can read the filmmakers view which is really interesting on whaling in the faroe islands that's between norway and iceland they're they're used to hunting their own food and doing so sustainably. with the laws and waiting for the grey think of some of their traditions if you search for the archipelago in the program section it out to zero dot com you can have a read of that. now you'll

this is the species normally found in the high arctic, around greenland, and sal barred, north of norwaystion, it is speculation, but it could have been disorientated. there isa could have been disorientated. there is a lot of man—made noise in the ocean ‘s these days, it could have been separated from its pod. it may been separated from its pod. it may be sick or it may have decided to follow a shoal of fish into the estuary to feed. reports from the site appear that the wail is swimming strongly, behaving naturally, but in a very natural location for the species. what do you think would be the next steps for those on the ground there, those who are concerned, would they tried to intervene in some way, or guided away, what would be the measures?” think at this stage it is just a monitoring situation, because the wail appears to be swimming strongly, and we willjust assess the situation. you may remember back in 2006 there was a northern bottlenose whale in the river thames, which was seen going past the houses of parliament, so we sincerely hope this particular individual will turn arou

these are arctic animals, so they are found around greenland.n for a day and swa m individuals were seen for a day and swam away. this is the most southerly recording of a beluga in the uk and it is very rare. so the hope is it will go away naturally, but what can we do to help?” hope is it will go away naturally, but what can we do to help? i think the biggest thing that we as the public can do is to give this animal space, so public can do is to give this animal space, so not to get in the water with it, it can cause it distress, it could disturb it, we don't know if this animal is already feeling any distress at the moment. it is reported that it is swimming well, it seems to be healthy. and there are all the correct authorities out there looking after the animal, for example british divers, marine life rescue, that is what they specialise m, rescue, that is what they specialise in, so they are being monitored. these animals can navigate very well in shallow, coastal waters, so hopefully it will swim away into deeper waters. so has something

russian sort of but mostly -- greenland, going also, but mostly the united states. the united states which is always had a more global far-reaching ambition and worldview, so the way that you have learned to get along is by agreements that set of institutions that take the politics out of the management of the relationship. in the 20th century we signed a boundary waters treaty that create an international institution that looks at water quality, acid rain, invasive species. and presidents don't need to worry about that at all. it's all coming along below surface. we have an air defense agreement, norad, that was set up in the early cold war to protect our shared airspace because we feared that soviet bombers would come over the northern part of north america and we need institution. and when it is needed it is not necessary to go back to the president of the united states as a 9/11 when the canadian deputy commander was in charge of norad and we needed to do something, we did know what the nature of the attack was, the canadians simply ordered american and canadian