supposedly new turkish gestures, but washing gives approval amounts to little more than wishful groupthink and is not going to solve the problem. after 30 years of failed efforts, where are we today? harshly on dark playing swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, where it armies clash by night. thank you. [applause] >> thank you very much. let me turn it over to levent koker. >> thank you, michael and thank you to the middle east institute for inviting me to this very important event as a speaker. we have a time constraint, so i'll try to be very brief, but i have to touch upon several important points regarding the constitutional aspects of what we have been discussing so far regarding the system changed from a presidential as him from elementary government -- some form, the problems we have with the kurds in turkey. let me begin this debate over presidential as some. the tradition and turkish constitutional system has been in history i mean, the tradition has been a parliamentary form of government. dating back to the ottoman times, the first constitution we had in 1876, we al