grant found out about it from halleck and reason. halleck disclosed this was he hated anybody. it wasn't west point. and mcclellan it wasn't west virginia. you know, another question right here. right there. just go ahead, stand up and show. you can you describe the challenge of operating in the war in new york, where the demands on proclamation was not the university universally popular, nor was lincoln, nor the war and to operate a war for grant and for lincoln at that point where public sentiment and general portrays i'm sure you know what this is like, where we never went public is kind of against you and your and you're trying to accomplish this impossible task and you have a lot of sentiment in the north it's against it that in november of 62 when it reached its height in a very important congressional election and there was talk in the confederate in the north of forming a northwestern confederacy, a separate country, and it wasn't hive off from the united states and unite with the south. that's how deep some of this feeling was. slavery and i think it it's one of grits

francis lieber is asked by halleck. i said to write to the lieber code. it is implemented april 24th, 1863, and the document is approved by the president of the united states. now, of course, lincoln is a good lawyer. he's a very good lawyer. so he probably read the code carefully before approving it. and it's, as i said to every in the united states army, quickly, just to follow for a moment. so, lieber is born in 1798, his earliest is napoleon's troops marching for berlin in 1806 at age eight at age 17. he enlists in the army to fight napoleon once again. and weirdly, both lieber and klausen which are fighting the battles of namur and waterloo in 1815, lieber is shot and severely wounded in war at battle of waterloo and left on the field for dead. but somehow, and ultimately is. in 1827, he moves to the united states. by 1835, he is at the university of carolina. he had expected he would have had a position teaching at one of the more prestigious universities, harvard yale, columbia. that doesn't happen in part because he's an immigrant. he speaks with

connecticut ryder podcast are in stand up comedian, math lead, joining us from los angeles and janine halleck, a palestinian australian journalist and research are based in sydney. thank you all so much for joining us here on the stream. today's a pleasure to have your janine, let me start with you. can you elaborate on the definition of hospital for our viewers here, but also what's the story behind the term? where did it come from and how did it become so important? yes it has been a essentially means it's roughly translates into a of what explanation and hebrew. so it's used to explain it or anything about the is really strange sort of mythology of itself and how it came to be and why age needed to be creative. and it's also used to explain them behavior and to explain their ongoing, you know, set, look like new existence. so the time was fun officially coined in 1912 by someone who later became a member of the world's finest congress with the president in fact. and that obviously proceeded disbursement of the state of intro, but it wasn't so many decades later that that's what i was induc

army general in chief, henry halleck, had requested that lieber consider the legal status of irregular combatants as part of this code. and after they became a serious problem, both eastern and western theaters of the conflict, how it selected the german ÉmigrÉ for his expert understanding of international history. the laws of war and with lieber code in hand. u.s. army officers were expected to respect of war status for confederate authorized partizan rangers. it's in the sixties. if you're looking at the articles. yale's avalon project has that if you want to bring it up on your phone, define these units as soldiers acting, as detached cavalry during their irregular operations and wearing uniforms important to the to the articles in the code. but lieber code permitted trial and execution self constituted bands of armed prowlers, brigands and war rebels all different categories governor under the code now though confederate irregulars in northeastern north carolina called themselves partizan rangers. many did not operate under the legal definition and, had never been formally sanction